Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients with heart failure
| Income groups | All | Low-income | Median-income | High-income | P value |
| n | 633 098 | 401 639 | 190 167 | 41 292 | |
| Baseline demographics | |||||
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 71.7 (13.4) | 74.6 (11.7) | 68.3 (14.5) | 58.9 (12.6) | <0.001 |
| ≥75, n (%) | 308 705 (48.8) | 231 539 (57.6) | 72 761 (38.3) | 4405 (10.7) | <0.001 |
| 65–74, n (%) | 165 987 (26.2) | 107 431 (26.7) | 49 760 (26.2) | 8796 (21.3) | <0.001 |
| <65, n (%) | 158 406 (25.0) | 62 669 (15.6) | 67 646 (35.6) | 28 091 (68.0) | <0.001 |
| Male gender, n (%) | 323 573 (51.1) | 194 733 (48.5) | 96 457 (50.7) | 32 383 (78.4) | <0.001 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SD) | 6.49 (2.98) | 6.40 (2.97) | 6.78 (2.98) | 6.11 (3.06) | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 482 638 (76.2) | 300 199 (74.7) | 151 610 (79.7) | 30 829 (74.7) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 258 863 (40.9) | 160 734 (40.0) | 80 407 (42.3) | 17 722 (42.9) | <0.001 |
| Stroke/TIA | 181 724 (28.7) | 119 711 (29.8) | 53 108 (27.9) | 8905 (21.6) | <0.001 |
| Vascular diseases | 368 897 (58.3) | 226 478 (56.4) | 117 955 (62.0) | 24 464 (59.2) | <0.001 |
| ESRD | 88 555 (14.0) | 54 582 (13.6) | 27 684 (14.6) | 6289 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 251 642 (39.7) | 165 592 (41.2) | 74 750 (39.3) | 11 300 (27.4) | <0.001 |
| Malignancy | 96 215 (15.2) | 60 958 (15.2) | 28 955 (15.2) | 6302 (15.3) | 0.827 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 41 480 (6.6) | 23 854 (5.9) | 15 108 (7.9) | 2518 (6.1) | <0.001 |
| Liver cirrhosis | 29 717 (4.7) | 18 246 (4.5) | 9576 (5.0) | 1895 (4.6) | <0.001 |
| Dyslipidaemia | 195 356 (30.9) | 103 933 (25.9) | 73 023 (38.4) | 18 400 (44.6) | <0.001 |
| CKD | 125 624 (19.8) | 75 543 (18.8) | 40 527 (21.3) | 9554 (23.1) | <0.001 |
| VHD | 40 031 (6.3) | 23 816 (5.9) | 13 499 (7.1) | 2716 (6.6) | <0.001 |
| Anaemia | 158 116 (25.0) | 101 442 (25.3) | 48 959 (25.7) | 7715 (18.7) | 0.001 |
| Valvular heart surgery | 4053 (0.6) | 1565 (0.4) | 1717 (0.9) | 771 (1.9) | <0.001 |
| CABG | 12 349 (2.0) | 6337 (1.6) | 4202 (2.2) | 1810 (4.4) | <0.001 |
| AF | 118 744 (18.8) | 74 111 (18.5) | 37 075 (19.5) | 7558 (18.3) | <0.001 |
| Degree of urbanisation, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Urban | 309 424 (48.9) | 209 448 (52.1) | 71 285 (37.5) | 28 691 (69.5) | |
| Suburban | 203 913 (32.2) | 127 761 (31.8) | 64 879 (34.1) | 11 273 (27.3) | |
| Rural | 119 761 (18.9) | 64 430 (16.0) | 54 003 (28.4) | 1328 (3.2) | |
| Medications, n (%) | |||||
| ACEIs | 85 014 (13.4) | 51 916 (12.9) | 26 851 (14.1) | 6247 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| ARBs | 117 728 (18.6) | 61 179 (15.2) | 45 576 (24.0) | 10 973 (26.6) | <0.001 |
| Amiodarone | 57 169 (9.0) | 33 268 (8.3) | 19 144 (10.1) | 4757 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Digoxin | 167 864 (26.5) | 114 885 (28.6) | 43 387 (22.8) | 9592 (23.2) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 145 048 (24.3) | 83 617 (20.8) | 54 795 (28.8) | 15 636 (37.9) | <0.001 |
| Diuretics | 336 887 (53.2) | 219 954 (54.8) | 97 190 (51.1) | 19 743 (47.8) | <0.001 |
| MRA* | 106 170 (16.8) | 61 396 (15.3) | 36 407 (19.1) | 8367 (20.3) | <0.001 |
*MRA excluded.
ACEIs, ACE inhibitors; AF, atrial fibrillation; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; MRA, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (eplerenone/spironolactone); TIA, transient ischaemic attack; VHD, valvular heart disease.