Table 1.
A Landscape Analysis of Research Entities, Identifying PID Types and Infrastructure Maturity (as of May 2018)
| Research Entity | PID Types Used | Maturity of PID Infrastructure |
|---|---|---|
| Publication | DOI, accession number, handle, URN, Scopus EID, Web of Science UID, PMID, PMC, arXiv identifier, BibCode, ISSN, ISBN, PURL | mature |
| Citation | OCI (secondary aggregation of information) | emerging |
| Conference | DOI, accession number | emerging |
| Researcher (or scholar) | ORCID IDs, ISNI (also DAIs, VIAFs, arXivIDs, OpenIDs, ResearcherIDs, ScopusIDs) | mature |
| Organization | DOI, ISNI, GRID, Ringgold IDs, ROR IDs | emerging |
| Data | DOI, accession number, handle, PURL, URN, ARK | mature |
| Data repository | none | immature |
| Grants | DOI, PURL | emerging |
| Project | local identifier, accession number, RaiD | emerging |
| Experiment | none | immature |
| Investigation | DOI, accession number | emerging |
| Analysis | GitHub gist | immature |
| Software | DOI, SHA-1 hash | emerging |
| Computer simulation | UUID | emerging |
| Software license | none | immature |
| Equipment | ||
| Instrument, device, sensor, platform, research facility | DOI, RRID, UID | emerging |
| Archival/storage facility | URI, DOI, UUID | emerging |
| Field station | none | immature |
| Sample | ||
| Geological or biological sample | accession number, RRID, DOI, IGSN | emerging |
| Cultural artifact | DOI, URN, accession number | emerging |
| Historical or mythical person | URI | emerging |
| Temporal period and historical place | ARK, URI, accession number | immature |
| Study Registration | ||
| Clinical trial; non-clinical registration | accession number, DOI | immature |
| Data management plan | DOI | immature |
| Workflow | URI, DOI | immature |
| Protocol | DOI | immature |
Adapted from Ferguson et al.[12]. ARK: Archival Resource Key, BibCode: Bibliographic Codes, DAI: Digital Author Identifier, DOI: Digital Object Identifier, ID: Identifier, IGSN: International Geo Sample Number, ISBN: International Standard Book Number, ISNI: International Standard Name Identifiers, ISSN: International Standard Serial Number, OCI: Open Citation Identifier, ORCID: Open Researcher and Contributor ID, PMID: PubMed ID, PURL: Persistent Uniform Resource Locators, RAiD: Research Activity identifier, RRID: Research Resource ID, SHA-1: Secure Hash Algorithm 1, UUID: Universally Unique Identifiers, URI: Uniform Resource Identifier, URN: Uniform Resource Name, VIAF: Virtual International Authority Files