Table 3. Proportional Hazard Results From Admission to 30 Days Postdischarge or Death.
| Characteristic | Overall | General ward only | ICU | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | P value | |
| Age, y | ||||||
| <65 | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| 65-74 | 2.10 (1.75-2.52) | 2.35 (1.55-3.57) | 2.08 (1.70-2.55) | |||
| 75-84 | 3.04 (2.50-3.69) | 4.79 (3.15-7.29) | 2.73 (2.18-3.42) | |||
| ≥85 | 6.85 (5.59-8.39) | 11.15 (7.33-16.97) | 5.39 (4.20-6.92) | |||
| Women | 0.86 (0.60-1.25) | .44 | 0.68 (0.32-1.46) | .32 | 0.97 (0.63-1.48) | .88 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||||||
| African American | 0.77 (0.68-0.87) | <.001 | 0.61 (0.48-0.77) | <.001 | 0.86 (0.74-1.00) | .11 |
| Other or unknowna | 1.01 (0.81-1.26) | 0.93 (0.64-1.36) | 1.02 (0.78-1.34) | |||
| White | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
| Primary care within prior 2 y | 0.86 (0.68-1.09) | .20 | 0.78 (0.54-1.14) | .20 | 0.93 (0.69-1.26) | .63 |
| COVID-19 ICU loadb | ||||||
| ≤25% | 1 [Reference] | .01 | 1 [Reference] | .04 | 1 [Reference] | .049 |
| >25% to 50% | 1.19 (0.99-1.43) | 1.30 (0.92-1.84) | 1.10 (0.88-1.37) | |||
| >50% to 75% | 1.03 (0.77-1.40) | 0.74 (0.42-1.32) | 1.15 (0.81-1.64) | |||
| >75% to 100% | 1.63 (1.13-2.35) | 1.90 (0.98-3.65) | 1.67 (1.08-2.60) | |||
| >100% | 2.03 (1.16-3.56) | 1.14 (0.29-4.49) | 2.35 (1.25-4.39) | |||
| COVID-19 ICU demandc | ||||||
| ≤25% | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | .09 | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| >25% to 50% | 1.11 (0.94-1.31) | 1.41 (1.07-1.84) | 0.99 (0.81-1.22) | |||
| >50% to 75% | 1.25 (1.05-1.49) | 1.30 (0.95-1.79) | 1.19 (0.95-1.48) | |||
| >75% | 1.67 (1.33-2.11) | 1.29 (0.85-1.97) | 1.94 (1.46-2.59) | |||
| Hypertension | 0.94 (0.80-1.11) | .46 | 0.92 (0.68-1.24) | .55 | 0.94 (0.77-1.14) | .51 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 1.00 (0.88-1.15) | .95 | 1.01 (0.81-1.27) | .93 | 1.00 (0.84-1.18) | .96 |
| History of smoking | ||||||
| Never | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | 1 [Reference] | .001 | 1 [Reference] | <.001 |
| Current | 0.70 (0.56-0.87) | 0.73 (0.47-1.14) | 0.74 (0.57-0.96) | |||
| Former | 0.93 (0.81-1.06) | 0.98 (0.77-1.26) | 0.92 (0.78-1.08) | |||
| Unknown | 1.55 (1.30-1.84) | 1.59 (1.19-2.12) | 1.59 (1.27-1.98) | |||
| BMI | ||||||
| <25 | 1 [Reference] | .001 | 1 [Reference] | .01 | 1 [Reference] | .12 |
| 25-29 | 0.83 (0.72-0.95) | 0.75 (0.59-0.94) | 0.88 (0.74-1.05) | |||
| 30-34 | 0.80 (0.68-0.94) | 0.72 (0.53-0.97) | 0.84 (0.69-1.02) | |||
| ≥35 | 0.94 (0.79-1.11) | 0.96 (0.68-1.36) | 0.98 (0.79-1.20) | |||
| Missing data | 1.38 (0.97-1.98) | 1.65 (0.92-2.93) | 1.39 (0.87-2.22) | |||
| Place of treatment | ||||||
| General ward | 1 [Reference] | <.001 | NA | NA | NA | <.001 |
| ICU | ||||||
| No ventilation | 1.93 (1.66-2.24) | NA | 1 [Reference] | |||
| Mechanical ventilation | 7.40 (6.47-8.48) | NA | 3.93 (3.39-4.55) | |||
| APACHE scored | 1.02 (1.02-1.03) | <.001 | 1.04 (1.03-1.05) | <.001 | 1.02 (1.01-1.02) | <.001 |
| Charlson comorbidity scoree | 1.05 (1.03-1.06) | <.001 | 1.09 (1.06-1.12) | <.001 | 1.02 (1.00-1.05) | .03 |
| Month of COVID diagnosis | ||||||
| March | 1.46 (1.15-1.84) | <.001 | 1.43 (0.92-2.22) | .004 | 1.50 (1.13-2.00) | .009 |
| April | 1.47 (1.20-1.79) | 1.48 (1.04-2.10) | 1.52 (1.19-1.96) | |||
| May | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
| June | 1.15 (0.91-1.45) | 1.11 (0.74-1.68) | 1.22 (0.91-1.62) | |||
| July | 1.05 (0.85-1.30) | 0.83 (0.57-1.20) | 1.23 (0.94-1.61) | |||
| August | 1.23 (0.97-1.55) | 0.84 (0.56-1.26) | 1.50 (1.13-2.00) | |||
| Facility complexityf | ||||||
| 1a | 1.05 (0.67-1.66) | .08 | 1.41 (0.54-3.68) | .80 | 0.88 (0.52-1.50) | .08 |
| 1b | 0.94 (0.59-1.51) | 1.29 (0.48-3.47) | 0.82 (0.47-1.41) | |||
| 1c | 1.29 (0.81-2.07) | 1.50 (0.56-4.04) | 1.17 (0.68-2.02) | |||
| 2 | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | 1 [Reference] | |||
Abbreviations: APACHE, Acute Physiology, Age, Chronic Health Evaluation; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; HR, hazard ratio; ICU, intensive care unit; NA, not applicable.
The other race/ethnicity category includes Hispanic or Latino, Asian, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, American Indian or Alaskan Native, or other race/ethnicity.
Calculated as No. patients with COVID-19 in the ICU during stay divided by No. of ICU beds.
Calculated as mean No. of patients with COVID-19 in the ICU during stay divided by maximum No. of patients with COVID-19 in the ICU.
A physiologic measure in which increasing scores indicate worse health. This score includes laboratory data (eg, white blood cell count) as well as vital signs (eg, oxygenation and blood pressure).
A measure of medical comorbidity in which increasing values indicate a greater comorbidity burden.
The complexity of the services provided at Veterans Affairs facilities, with level 1a being the most complex. The facility complexity model includes ICU level, operative complexity level, patient clinical classification, teaching status characteristics, amount of research funding, complex clinical programs provided (eg, invasive catheterization laboratory, neurosurgery, or transplant), rurality, care provided in the community, and mental health programs provided.