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. 2021 Jan 20;28(2):557–569. doi: 10.1038/s41418-020-00702-x

Fig. 3. Ubiquitin in innate immune signalling responses.

Fig. 3

Schematic model showing the major ubiquitin chain types that control innate immune signalling responses. The Met1-Ub machinery (LUBAC, OTULIN, and CYLD-SPATA2) generates (and removes) Met1-Ub. Lys63-Ub is assembled by E3 Ub ligases such as Inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) proteins, TNF-receptor associated factors (TRAFs), and Pellinos. Met1-Ub is conjugated to components of the receptor signalling pathway or to pre-existing Lys63-Ub to form hybrid Ub. These non-degradative Ub modifications serve as scaffolds for recruitment and activation of kinases that facilitate/regulate inflammation, anti-viral responses, cell death and xenophagy, depending on the nature of the activation signal(s).