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. 2021 Jan 20;52:9. doi: 10.1186/s13567-020-00889-4

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Overexpression of duDDX1 stimulates IFN-β expression. A dual luciferase reporter gene assay was used to study the IFN-β signaling pathway. PcDNA3.0-duDDX1-Flag or empty vector (500 ng/well) were co-transfected with reporter plasmids (100 ng/well) (A) pGL3-IFN-β; (B) pGL3-IRF-7; (C) pGL-NF-κB with pRL-TK (normalization) (50 ng/well). After 24, 36, and 48 hpt, cells were harvested, and luciferase activity was measured. Relative IFN-β-, IRF-7-, or NF-κB-reporter activation was calculated as fold-change in normalized Firefly luciferase activity with reference to mean control values set to 1. Data were means from three independent experiments and each experiment was analyzed in tri plicate. A student t test was performed to assess the difference. ^* P < 0.05; ^** P < 0.01; ^*** P < 0.001.