Table 1.
Parameter estimates for the linear mixed‐effects (LME) models.
Response variable and effect | Apo | Sumilon | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate | SE | df | t | P | Estimate | SE | df | t | P | |
Generalist large predators | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.383 | 0.153 | 222 | 2.506 | 0.013 | 0.459 | 0.14 | 238 | 3.273 | 0.001 |
Status | −0.030 | 0.273 | 222 | −0.111 | 0.912 | 0.308 | 0.136 | 238 | 2.266 | 0.024 |
Time | −0.008 | 0.008 | 222 | −1.061 | 0.290 | 0.02 | 0.008 | 238 | 2.318 | 0.021 |
Status × Time | 0.025 | 0.012 | 222 | 2.199 | 0.029 | 0.029 | 0.011 | 238 | 2.614 | 0.01 |
HC | 0.016 | 0.002 | 222 | 8.134 | <0.001 | −0.004 | 0.003 | 238 | −1.036 | 0.301 |
Piscivores | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.254 | 0.143 | 222 | 1.468 | 0.144 | 0.484 | 0.109 | 238 | 4.447 | <0.001 |
Status | 0.016 | 0.301 | 222 | 0.054 | 0.957 | 0.271 | 0.111 | 238 | 2.435 | 0.016 |
Time | 0.004 | 0.009 | 222 | 0.049 | 0.621 | 0.032 | 0.007 | 238 | 4.529 | <0.001 |
Status × Time | 0.017 | 0.013 | 222 | 1.346 | 0.179 | 0.013 | 0.009 | 238 | 1.446 | 0.15 |
HC | 0.009 | 0.002 | 222 | 4.518 | <0.001 | −0.001 | 0.002 | 238 | −0.231 | 0.818 |
Large benthic foragers | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.417 | 0.092 | 222 | 4.513 | <0.001 | 0.669 | 0.036 | 238 | 18.762 | <0.001 |
Status | 0.414 | 0.169 | 222 | 2.453 | 0.015 | −0.092 | 0.039 | 238 | −2.375 | 0.018 |
Time | 0.004 | 0.004 | 222 | 0.917 | 0.36 | −0.002 | 0.002 | 238 | −0.637 | 0.525 |
Status × Time | −0.013 | 0.007 | 222 | −1.747 | 0.082 | 0.004 | 0.003 | 238 | 1.238 | 0.217 |
HC | −0.006 | 0.001 | 222 | −4.956 | <0.001 | −0.0001 | 0.001 | 238 | −0.133 | 0.895 |
Croppers | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.569 | 0.057 | 222 | 10.032 | <0.001 | 0.473 | 0.046 | 238 | 10.275 | <0.001 |
Status | 0.169 | 0.105 | 222 | 1.621 | 0.106 | 0.15 | 0.05 | 238 | 3.002 | 0.003 |
Time | 0.002 | 0.003 | 222 | 0.782 | 0.435 | −0.002 | 0.003 | 238 | −0.766 | 0.444 |
Status × Time | −0.007 | 0.004 | 222 | −1.674 | 0.096 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 238 | 1.511 | 0.132 |
HC | −0.001 | 0.001 | 222 | −1.305 | 0.193 | −0.003 | 0.001 | 238 | −2.294 | 0.023 |
Detritivores | ||||||||||
Intercept | 6.132 | 0.285 | 222 | 21.539 | <0.001 | 0.964 | 0.222 | 238 | 4.343 | <0.001 |
Status | −3.848 | 0.514 | 222 | −7.488 | <0.001 | 1.451 | 0.24 | 238 | 6.046 | <0.001 |
Time | −0.113 | 0.015 | 222 | −7.57 | <0.001 | 0.058 | 0.015 | 238 | 3.835 | <0.001 |
Status × Time | 0.105 | 0.022 | 222 | 4.845 | <0.001 | −0.101 | 0.02 | 238 | −5.112 | <0.001 |
HC | −0.017 | 0.003 | 222 | −4.505 | <0.001 | −0.004 | 0.006 | 238 | −0.693 | 0.489 |
Excavators | ||||||||||
Intercept | 1.097 | 0.088 | 222 | 12.45 | <0.001 | 1.332 | 0.111 | 238 | 12.021 | <0.001 |
Status | 0.666 | 0.161 | 222 | 4.147 | <0.001 | 0.739 | 0.12 | 238 | 6.171 | <0.001 |
Time | 0.013 | 0.005 | 222 | 2.733 | 0.007 | 0.009 | 0.007 | 238 | 1.167 | 0.244 |
Status × Time | −0.021 | 0.007 | 222 | −3.074 | 0.002 | −0.031 | 0.01 | 238 | −3.163 | 0.002 |
HC | −0.008 | 0.001 | 222 | −6.792 | <0.001 | −0.008 | 0.003 | 238 | −2.773 | 0.006 |
Scrapers | ||||||||||
Intercept | 1.132 | 0.085 | 222 | 13.276 | <0.001 | 1.296 | 0.066 | 238 | 19.497 | <0.001 |
Status | 0.549 | 0.157 | 222 | 3.499 | 0.001 | 0.266 | 0.072 | 238 | 3.698 | <0.001 |
Time | 0.015 | 0.005 | 222 | 3.281 | 0.001 | −0.005 | 0.004 | 238 | −0.997 | 0.32 |
Status × Time | −0.024 | 0.007 | 222 | −3.649 | <0.001 | −0.01 | 0.005 | 238 | −1.711 | 0.088 |
HC | −0.005 | 0.001 | 222 | −4.445 | <0.001 | −0.001 | 0.002 | 238 | −0.481 | 0.631 |
Sand feeders | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.606 | 0.125 | 222 | 4.857 | <0.001 | 0.872 | 0.084 | 238 | 10.388 | <0.001 |
Status | −0.058 | 0.229 | 222 | −0.252 | 0.801 | −0.287 | 0.089 | 238 | −3.229 | 0.001 |
Time | 0.010 | 0.007 | 222 | 1.442 | 0.151 | 0.016 | 0.006 | 238 | 2.813 | 0.005 |
Status × Time | 0.006 | 0.01 | 222 | 0.611 | 0.542 | −0.028 | 0.007 | 238 | −3.89 | <0.001 |
HC | −0.010 | 0.002 | 222 | −6.195 | <0.001 | −0.003 | 0.002 | 238 | −1.434 | 0.153 |
Small benthic foragers | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.338 | 0.024 | 222 | 14.065 | <0.001 | 0.784 | 0.027 | 238 | 29.298 | <0.001 |
Status | −0.061 | 0.043 | 222 | −1.399 | 0.163 | −0.279 | 0.028 | 238 | −9.938 | <0.001 |
Time | −0.005 | 0.001 | 222 | −3.939 | <0.001 | −0.013 | 0.002 | 238 | −7.503 | <0.001 |
Status × Time | 0.004 | 0.001 | 222 | 2.309 | 0.022 | 0.009 | 0.002 | 238 | 3.804 | <0.001 |
HC | 0.0001 | 0.0003 | 222 | 0.336 | 0.738 | −0.001 | 0.001 | 238 | −1.549 | 0.123 |
Obligate corallivores | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.047 | 0.031 | 222 | 1.504 | 0.134 | 0.328 | 0.023 | 238 | 14.186 | <0.001 |
Status | −0.168 | 0.057 | 222 | −2.943 | 0.004 | −0.098 | 0.022 | 238 | −4.466 | <0.001 |
Time | 0.006 | 0.002 | 222 | 3.605 | <0.001 | −0.005 | 0.001 | 238 | −3.805 | <0.001 |
Status × Time | 0.002 | 0.002 | 222 | 0.817 | 0.415 | 0.01 | 0.001 | 238 | 4.878 | <0.001 |
HC | 0.003 | 0.0004 | 222 | 6.358 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 238 | 1.415 | 0.159 |
Omnivorous pomacentrids | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.930 | 0.031 | 222 | 29.92 | <0.001 | 1.135 | 0.057 | 238 | 19.999 | <0.001 |
Status | 0.113 | 0.056 | 222 | 2.018 | 0.045 | −0.313 | 0.061 | 238 | −5.094 | <0.001 |
Time | −0.003 | 0.001 | 222 | −1.783 | 0.076 | −0.02 | 0.004 | 238 | −5.146 | <0.001 |
Status × Time | −0.009 | 0.002 | 222 | −3.927 | <0.001 | 0.015 | 0.005 | 238 | 2.985 | 0.003 |
HC | −0.001 | 0.0004 | 222 | −1.425 | 0.156 | 0.006 | 0.001 | 238 | 4.114 | <0.001 |
Large planktivores | ||||||||||
Intercept | 3.267 | 0.296 | 222 | 11.022 | <0.001 | 4.712 | 0.315 | 238 | 14.946 | <0.001 |
Status | −0.276 | 0.485 | 222 | −0.57 | 0.569 | −0.756 | 0.324 | 238 | −2.333 | 0.021 |
Time | −0.067 | 0.014 | 222 | −4.795 | <0.001 | −0.074 | 0.02 | 238 | −3.651 | <0.001 |
Status × Time | 0.076 | 0.021 | 222 | 3.709 | <0.001 | 0.086 | 0.027 | 238 | 3.217 | 0.002 |
HC | 0.015 | 0.004 | 222 | 4.307 | <0.001 | −0.002 | 0.008 | 238 | −0.273 | 0.785 |
Small planktivores | ||||||||||
Intercept | 1.453 | 0.082 | 222 | 17.742 | <0.001 | 1.187 | 0.059 | 238 | 20.282 | <0.001 |
Status | 0.19 | 0.15 | 222 | 1.262 | 0.208 | 0.727 | 0.063 | 238 | 11.606 | <0.001 |
Time | −0.014 | 0.004 | 222 | −3.157 | 0.002 | −0.009 | 0.004 | 238 | −2.209 | 0.028 |
Status × Time | −0.004 | 0.006 | 222 | −0.638 | 0.524 | −0.019 | 0.005 | 238 | −3.726 | <0.001 |
HC | 0.009 | 0.001 | 222 | 8.635 | <0.001 | 0.001 | 0.002 | 238 | 0.804 | 0.422 |
Total biomass | ||||||||||
Intercept | 5.117 | 0.222 | 222 | 23.013 | <0.001 | 5.804 | 0.267 | 238 | 21.737 | <0.001 |
Status | −0.382 | 0.362 | 222 | −1.057 | 0.292 | −0.009 | 0.272 | 238 | −0.035 | 0.972 |
Time | −0.061 | 0.011 | 222 | −5.784 | <0.001 | −0.048 | 0.017 | 238 | −2.801 | 0.006 |
Status × Time | 0.065 | 0.015 | 222 | 4.222 | <0.001 | 0.049 | 0.022 | 238 | 2.209 | 0.028 |
HC | 0.013 | 0.003 | 222 | 4.84 | <0.001 | −0.006 | 0.007 | 238 | −0.819 | 0.414 |
Hard coral | ||||||||||
Intercept | 0.978 | 0.467 | 223 | 2.087 | 0.038 | 20.677 | 2.078 | 239 | 9.95 | <0.001 |
Status | 0.942 | 0.646 | 223 | 13.838 | <0.001 | 11.566 | 2.421 | 239 | 4.778 | <0.001 |
Time | 0.219 | 0.021 | 223 | 10.536 | <0.001 | −0.413 | 0.157 | 239 | −2.635 | 0.009 |
Status × Time | −0.377 | 0.029 | 223 | −13.15 | <0.001 | 0.47 | 0.206 | 239 | 2.284 | 0.023 |
Shown are effect size estimates, standard errors, degrees of freedom (df), t values, and associated P values for predictors of biomass of each individual trophic group, total biomass, and hard coral cover at Apo and Sumilon Islands. Status effects are relative to fished areas. P values in boldface type are significant at the 0.05 level.