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. 2021 Jan 19;20:18. doi: 10.1186/s12934-021-01513-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Endoscopic appearance of pancolitis pre- and post-FMT treatment after long-term follow-up in patients with recurrent active UC. The endoscopic appearance includes mucosal hyperemia and edema, mucous exudate erosions, multiple ulcers and spontaneous bleeding in the ileocecum (a), ascending colon (b), sigmoid colon (c) and rectum (d) before FMT therapy. Markedly improved lesions with normal mucosa were observed at 24 months after a single fresh FMT. A single fresh FMT can achieve long-term remission without drugs and no obvious adverse events in patients with recurrent active UC