Table 1.
Demographics, morbidity burden, and healthcare utilization for Spanish nationals and immigrants in Spain
| Spanish nationals | Foreign-born (all) | Africa | Asia | Eastern Europe | Latin America | Western Europe & North America | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DM | IM | DM | IM | DM | IM | DM | IM | DM | IM | DM | IM | ||
| Demographic information | |||||||||||||
| N | 930,131 | 123,432 | 17,152 | 29,643 | 2563 | 4621 | 327 | 39,678 | 7429 | 39,829 | 4643 | 9661 | 2190 |
| Women, % | 51.42 | 48.55 | 33.76 | 31.96 | 18.77 | 43.24 | 37.61 | 51.23 | 32.12 | 59.09 | 45.53 | 47.49 | 31.37 |
| Age | |||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) | 51.91 (0.020) | 38.18 (0.034) | 38.06 (0.083) | 37.39 (0.063) | 37.85 (0.204) | 38.49 (0.184) | 39.71 (0.664) | 36.71 (0.053) | 37.23 (0.118) | 38.51 (0.063) | 38.89 (0.170) | 45. 12 (0.147) | 39.16 (0.248) |
| 18–44 years, % | 39.71 | 74.11 | 76.10 | 78.27 | 80.53 | 72.80 | 69.11 | 78.79 | 78.58 | 71.39 | 72.73 | 53.97 | 70.68 |
| 45–64 years, % | 32.14 | 22.94 | 22.11 | 19.48 | 17.17 | 23.31 | 26.91 | 20.26 | 20.62 | 25.14 | 24.6 | 35.26 | 26.94 |
| 65+ years, % | 28.16 | 2.95 | 1.79 | 2.25 | 2.3 | 3.90 | 3.98 | 0.95 | 0.79 | 3.47 | 2.67 | 10.78 | 2.37 |
| Length of stay in Spain ≥5 years, % | ─ | 68.61 | 63.23 | 62.77 | 73.55 | 80.65 | 85.32 | 53.65 | 52.4 | 75.73 | 78.35 | 57.55 | 52.51 |
| Morbidity burden | |||||||||||||
| Healthy users/non-users, % | 21.15 | 36.02 | 75.29 | 36.64 | 73.16 | 47.72 | 79.51 | 41.15 | 79.26 | 29.92 | 68.49 | 32.61 | 78.13 |
| Low/moderate morbidity, % | 72.03 | 60.54 | 24.31 | 59.65 | 26.3 | 49.49 | 20.18 | 56.01 | 20.35 | 66.39 | 31.12 | 63.02 | 21.55 |
| High/very high morbidity, % | 6.81 | 3.44 | 0.4 | 3.71 | 0.55 | 2.79 | 0.31 | 2.84 | 0.39 | 3.68 | 0.39 | 4.38 | 0.32 |
| Use of Primary Care | |||||||||||||
| No visits to doctor, % | 22.83 | 34.19 | 86.5 | 33.35 | 79.17 | 46.09 | 90.83 | 38.32 | 87.66 | 29.18 | 85.89 | 34.71 | 91.78 |
| No visits to nurse, % | 48.55 | 71.42 | 95.56 | 70.8 | 93.64 | 80.09 | 97.86 | 74.69 | 95.76 | 69.3 | 95.48 | 64.47 | 96.94 |
| Mean (SD) # of visits to doctor, normal care | 6.7 (8.4) | 4.0 (5.6) | 0.5 (2.0) | 4.1 (5.6) | 0.8 (2.2) | 2.7 (4.6) | 0.2 (0.8) | 3.3 (5.1) | 0.5 (1.9) | 4.5 (5.8) | 0.6 (2.2) | 4.5 (6.6) | 0.3 (1.8) |
| Mean (SD) # of visits to doctor, urgent care | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.4 (1.1) | 0.001 (0.1) | 0.6 (1.3) | 0.004 (0.1) | 0.2 (0.9) | 0 (0) | 0.4 (1.0) | 0.0003 (0.2) | 0.3 (0.9) | 0.0006 (0.04) | 0.3 (1.0) | 0.002 (0.1) |
| Mean (SD) # of visits to nurse | 3.7 (7.7) | 1.0 (3.5) | 0.1 (0.7) | 1.1 (3.5) | 0.1 (0.8) | 0.8 (3.4) | 0.6 (5.1) | 0.8 (3.3) | 0.1 (0.8) | 1.1 (3.3) | 0.1 (0.6) | 1.8 (4.8) | 0.1 (0.7) |
| Use of Specialized Care | |||||||||||||
| No visits, % | 46.86 | 61.15 | 93.48 | 66.52 | 92.51 | 69.88 | 97.25 | 65.37 | 94.18 | 52.33 | 91.19 | 59.57 | 96.48 |
| Mean (SD) # of visits | 2.9 (4.9) | 1.8 (3.7) | 0.2 (1.3) | 1.5 (3.6) | 0.3 (1.6) | 1.4 (3.5) | 0.1 (0.7) | 1.4 (3.3) | 0.2 (1.2) | 2.2 (4.0) | 0.3 (1.5) | 2.1 (4.3) | 0.1 (0.9) |
| Use of Hospital Care | |||||||||||||
| Mean (SD) # of planned admissions/100 ind. | 4.2 (26.0) | 2.0 (17.3) | 0.3 (5.4) | 1.5 (14.0) | 0.3 (6.8) | 1.4 (13.2) | 0 (0) | 1.8% (18.3) | 0.2 (4.6) | 2.6 (18.6) | 0.4 (6.7) | 2.8 (18.6) | 0.1 (3.0) |
| Mean (SD) # of unplanned admissions/100 ind. | 5.2 (28.4) | 3.5 (21.1) | 0.5 (8.1) | 3.8 (21.8) | 0.6 (7.9) | 3.6 (21.5) | 0.6 (7.8) | 3.1 (19.8) | 0.5 (8.4) | 3.5 (21.1) | 0.5 (7.5) | 3.6 (24.1) | 0.4 (8.8) |
| Mean (SD) hospital stay, days | 6.7 (8.4) | 4.7 (9.7) | 6.0 (1.2) | 4.4 (6.4) | 8.5 (17.9) | 5.0 (6.3) | 4 (2.8) | 4.6 (14.4) | 4.6 (6.5) | 4.5 (6.4) | 6.5 (15.7) | 6.1 (10.1) | 6.7 (5.5) |
| Use of Emergency Care | |||||||||||||
| No visits, % | 81.83 | 81.95 | 96.93 | 83.06 | 96.06 | 84.48 | 96.64 | 82.8 | 96.92 | 79.2 | 96.64 | 85.16 | 98.63 |
| Mean (SD) # of visits/10 ind. | 2.8 (8.0) | 2.8 (7.8) | 0.4 (3.2) | 2.8 (8.2) | 0.5 (3.3) | 2.4 (7.1) | 0.4 (2.2) | 2.7 (7.5) | 0.4 (3.4) | 3.3 (8.0) | 0.5 (3.2) | 2.2 (6.9) | 0.2 (2.5) |
| High priority visits, % | 51.2 | 39.6 | 44.5 | 36.7 | 46.6 | 37.2 | 27.3 | 37.5 | 41.8 | 42.2 | 50.3 | 46.0 | 33.3 |
| Pharmacy expenditure | |||||||||||||
| Zero expenditure, % | 24.0 | 39.4 | 89.6 | 36.0 | 83.8 | 50.6 | 93.6 | 44.8 | 90.6 | 35.3 | 88.8 | 38.6 | 94.4 |
| Mean (SD) expenditure, € | 366.5 (763.4) | 77.4 (302.4) | 8.7 (90.1) | 70.4 (314.3) | 10.4 (70.0) | 64.3 (248.2) | 2.7 (16.0) | 53.9 (225.8) | 9.1 (115.2) | 82.9 (279.9) | 9.7 (73.8) | 179.3 (543.0) | 4.6 (34.9) |
Abbreviations: DM documented migrant, ind individuals, SD standard deviation, IM irregular migrant