Table 3.

Characteristics of included publications contributing information on heroin shortages.

First author, year	Country	Population	Study design and methods	Included outcomes
(Day et al., 2003)	Australia	People who inject drugs in Australia	Quantitative: cross-sectional survey	Changes in drug market and drug use patterns. Drug market violence linked to changing market conditions.
Day et al., 2005	Australia	People who inject drugs in Australia	Quantitative: administrative time series data	Changes in HCV notifications. Changes in hospital visits for injection-related problems.
Day, Degenhardt, & Hall, 2006	Australia	People who inject drugs in Australia	Quantitative: administrative time series data; cross-sectional interviews	Changes in drug availability, purity, and price.
Degenhardt, Day, Dietze, et al., 2005	Australia	People seeking treatment for heroin dependence in Australia	Quantitative: administrative time series data, serial cross-sectional interviews with people who inject drugs	Changes in drug use patterns. Changes in drug-related crime.
Degenhardt, Day, Hall, et al., 2005	Australia	People who inject drugs in Australia; people entering treatment for heroin dependence	Quantitative: administrative time series data, serial cross-sectional interviews with people who inject drugs	Changes in drug use patterns. Changes in drug-related mortality and crime. Changes in treatment-seeking for heroin dependence.
Degenhardt, Day, Conroy, et al., 2005	Australia	People in treatment for drug dependence in Australia	Quantitative: administrative time series data	Changes in drug-related mortality.
Degenhardt, Day, Hall, et al., 2005	Australia	People entering treatment for opioid dependence in New South Wales	Quantiative: longitudinal, retrospective cohort data	Treatment engagement and retention.
Gilmour et al., 2006	Australia	People charged with cocaine or heroin possession in Australia	Quantitative: administrative time series data	Changes in drug use patterns.
Harris et al., 2015	UK	People who inject drugs in London	Qualitative: interviews	Changes to drug use patterns and drug market.
Horyniak et al., 2015	Australia	People who inject drugs in Melbourne	Quantitative: cross-sectional survey	Changes in drug use patterns.
Mital et al., 2016	Kenya	People who use heroin in Kenya	Qualitative: cross-sectional interviews	Changes to drug use patterns and drug market. Changes in blood borne virus risk behaviors. Treatment access.
Pong et al., 2010	Australia	Mothers who use drugs at the Royal Hospital for Women in New South Wales	Quantitative: administrative time series data	Changes in drug use patterns. Changes in withdrawal treatment for newborns.
Smithson et al., 2004	Australia	People using heroin in Australia	Quantitative: administrative time series data	Changes in drug market. Changes in overdose rates. Changes in treatment-seeking.
Tarjan et al., 2015	Hungary	People who inject drugs in Hungary	Quantitative: serial cross-sectional survey, administrative time series data	Changes in drug use patterns. Changes to HCV incidence. Resource shortages (syringe exchange services).
Topp et al., 2003	Australia	People who inject drugs in Australia	Quantitative: serial cross-sectional survey	Changes in drug use patterns.
(Weatherburn et al., 2003)	Australia	People who use heroin in south-western Sydney	Quantitative: administrative data time series, interviews	Changes in drug use patterns and in drug market.
Wood et al., 2006	Canada	People who inject drugs in Vancouver	Quantitative: administrative time series data, longitudinal survey data	Changes in drug-related mortality. Changes in drug use patterns.