Figure 6.

DUBs in key signaling molecules downstream of PRRs. TLR‐, RLR‐, and cGAS‐STING‐mediated signaling pathways share common signaling molecules such as IKKs, TBK1, and their respective substrates, NF‐kappaB, and IRF3. IKK phosphorylates IkappaB, leading to its ubiquitination and degradation. Thus, NF‐kappaB is free to enter the nucleus, promoting the production of proinflammatory cytokines. TBK1 phosphorylates and activates IRF3. Afterwards, IRFs dimerizes and translocates to the nucleus, leading to the production of type I IFN. DUBs that upregulate or downregulate the signaling are shown with purple or green back color, respectively. A detailed list of the target proteins and DUBs is included in Table 1.