Fig 4. Anticipatory behaviour before and after an unexpected change in reward pen quality.

Before the change (day 13 to 15 of test phase), calves entered the reward pen expecting the original reward pen. After the change (on day 17, the first day after the change, and on subsequent days 18 to 20), calves entered the reward pen expecting the new reward pen. Calves that changed from an enriched to basic reward pen were expected to experience a reward loss, while calves that changed from a basic to enriched reward pen were expected to experience a reward gain. Least squares means ± SE of (A) frequency of behavioural transitions (no./min), (B) duration of light and door behaviours (% of period), and (C) duration of other behaviours (% of period).