Table 1. Ethogram of anticipatory behaviours of dairy calves.
| Behaviour | Description |
|---|---|
| Behaviours directed at light and door | |
| Looking at light | Head oriented toward flashing light while lying or standing |
| Looking at door | Head oriented toward door and in upright position while lying or standing |
| Touch light | Nose or head in contact with (or within 10 cm) of light |
| Touch door | Nose or head in contact with (or within 10 cm) of door |
| Play behaviours | |
| Locomotory play | Jumping: both forelegs off the ground and extended forwards (number of events); Running: calf trotting (2 beats) or galloping (3 beats) across or around the enclosure (number of events). If occurs within half body length of brush/rope, score as object play. If more than half body length, score as locomotive play. |
| Object play | Butting (head in contact with) brush/rope, or ‘mock butt’ where head is oriented downward and toward but not in contact with brush/rope, may be accompanied by locomotive play but if occurs within half body length of brush/rope then score as object play. Must be at least 2 s in between object play bouts to be scored as 2 separate bouts. |
| Other behaviours | |
| Lying inattentive | Lying down with head in upright position, without looking at light or door |
| Standing inattentive | Fully upright position, not moving body in any direction without looking at light or door. Defecation/urination may occur. |
| Walking | Lifting at least two legs simultaneously and moving the body in any direction, excluding locomotory play |
| Exploring | Nose is in contact with wall or floor of the pen. |
| Eating | Head in or above food/water trough |
| Brush use | Contact of any body part with brush |
| Rope use | Contact of any body part against rope |
| Groom | Scratching or grooming body with head |
| Latency to access reward pen | Duration from moment the home pen door opened to the moment the calf’s rear legs crossed into the alleyway outside the home pen. |
Behaviours were recorded before, during and after signaling the arrival of a reward (access to either a basic or enriched reward pen for 30 min). The interval between the end of the signal (conditioned stimulus) and reward presentation (unconditioned stimulus) was 1 min.