Table 6. Preliminary effect outcome measures at baseline and follow-up.
| Outcomes measures | Baseline mean (SD) n = 43 | 6-week follow-up mean (SD) n = 43 | Mean of individual differences (T3-T2) (mean ± 95% CI) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BPIa | Pain severity | 4.6 (2.4) | 3.1 (2.3) | -1.53 [-1.95, -1.11] p<0.001 |
| Pain interference | 4.6 (2.6) | 3.2 (2.7) | -1.39 [-1.86, -0.91] p<0.001 | |
| CSIb | Total score | 38.7 (14.2) | 35.0 (15.9) | -3.72 [-6.31, -1.14] p = 0.006 |
| Subclinical | 24% | 40% | +16.2% | |
| Low | 27% | 20% | -7% | |
| Moderate | 21% | 24% | 3.8% | |
| Severe | 17% | 9% | -8.6% | |
| Extreme | 11% | 7% | -4.4% | |
| PainDetect questionnaire | Total score | 13.8 (7.3) | 12.0 (7.7) | -1.76 [-3.55, 0.03] p = 0.054 |
| Nociceptive | 56.5% | 54.5% | 2.2% | |
| Neuropathic | 25.8% | 18.2% | -7% | |
| Unsure | 17.7% | 25.0% | 7.3% | |
| SBTc | Total score | 3.0 (1.5) | 2.0 (1.7) | -0.91 [-1.3, -0.49] p<0.001 |
| Low risk | 33.3% | 47.7% | +14.4% | |
| Medium risk | 27.4% | 29.5% | +2.1% | |
| High risk | 38.7% | 22.7% | -16.0% | |
| OMSPQ-SFd | Total score | 52.0 (16.1) | 42.4 (18.9) | -9.53 [-13.17, -5.90] p < 0.001 |
| Below cut-off score (low risk) | 50.0% | 62.0% | +12.0% | |
| Above cut-off score (high risk) | 50.0% | 38.0% | -12.0% | |
| Sleep disturbances | Nothing to report (‘no’ to both items) | 19.4% | 43.2% | +23.8% |
| “Often or always” to item 1 of the CSI (“I feel tired and unrefreshed when I wake from sleeping”) | 17.7% | 11.4% | -6.3% | |
| Score ≥4 on item 13 of the BPI (“during the past 24 hours, pain has interfered with your sleep”) | 22.6% | 15.9% | -6.7% | |
| “Often or always” to item 1 of the CSI AND Score ≥4 on item 13 of the BPI | 40.3% | 29.5% | -10.8% | |
| Mood and/or depressive symptoms | Nothing to report (‘no’ to both items) | 41.9% | 56.8% | +14.9% |
| “Sometimes, often or always” to item 16 of the CSI (“I feel sad or depressed”) OR Score >5 on item 6 of the OMSPQ-SF (“how much have you been bothered by feeling depressed in the past week?”) | 38.7% | 29.5% | -9.2% | |
| “Sometimes, often or always” to item 16 of the CSI (“I feel sad or depressed”) AND Score >5 on item 6 of the OMSPQ-SF (“how much have you been bothered by feeling depressed in the past week?”) | 19.4% | 13.6% | -5.8% | |
aBPI = brief pain inventory
bCSI = central sensitization index
cSBT = start back stool
dOMSPQ-SF = örebro musculoskeletal pain questionnaire