Fig. 2.

LD mice fed a chow diet demonstrate reduced activity and muscle weakness, despite consuming similar amounts of food and water as WT controls. (A–G) Using indirect calorimetry, LD mice demonstrate reduced oxygen consumption (A), energy expenditure (B), respiratory exchange ratio (C), and CO₂ production (D) but similar hourly food (E), water (F), and overall average energy balance (G). (H and I) LD mice demonstrated lower locomotory (H) and ambulatory (I) activity. No differences were observed by sex, so data were pooled by genotype for comparison. (J) A sex-specific deficit in forelimb grip strength at 16 and 28 wk, operationalizing muscle strength, was observed in LD mice compared to WT controls. P < 0.05 between groups is indicated by the letters “a,” “b,” and “c” (n = 7 to 16 per group; A–I, general linear modeling using the CalR web-based tool; (J), three-way ANOVA with Dunnet’s post hoc).