Table 2. Trends for sex-specific age-adjusted mean dietary intakes by food group in Ikawa and Kyowa.
| Green/yellow vegetables |
Other vegetables | Rice/cereal | Fruits | Fish/shellfish | Meats | Eggs | Seaweed | Potatos | Beans | Milk/dairy products |
Alcohol/beverages (excluding green tea) |
Alcohol/beverages (including green tea) |
||||||||||||||
| Folate (µg/day) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Men | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ikawa | 1974-1977 | 123.9 (143.0) | 67.4 (71.9) | 42.4 (15.2) | 12.0 (20.3) | 17.3 (17.9) | 17.3 (128.0) | 11.4 (15.3) | 7.6 (10.9) | 6.9 (13.1) | 8.3 (11.7) | 2.2 (5.4) | 3.2 (21.9) | |||||||||||||
| 1978-1981 | 145.0 (160.6) | * | 64.3 (65.4) | 40.6 (15.0) | 16.2 (25.7) | * | 16.8 (19.7) | 15.5 (115.8) | 12.6 (14.9) | 7.3 (12.4) | 9.4 (15.6) | *** | 12.4 (16.9) | *** | 3.1 (5.4) | * | 2.0 (10.8) | |||||||||
| 1982-1985 | 229.6 (174.7) | *** | 52.3 (59.5) | *** | 40.8 (15.2) | 16.2 (35.5) | * | 15.9 (19.3) | 6.3 (51.0) | 15.8 (16.6) | *** | 9.6 (13.0) | 3.5 (8.0) | *** | 9.6 (11.1) | 3.8 (5.9) | *** | 5.2 (15.1) | * | |||||||
| 1986-1989 | 192.9 (180.4) | *** | 56.5 (51.1) | ** | 40.4 (16.0) | 16.1 (42.2) | 15.3 (15.2) | 23.9 (142.2) | 16.7 (16.8) | *** | 6.2 (15.4) | 4.7 (8.1) | ** | 10.5 (14.8) | * | 4.6 (6.6) | *** | 7.1 (17.6) | ** | |||||||
| 1990-1993 | 198.7 (175.6) | *** | 55.3 (49.5) | ** | 35.5 (13.1) | *** | 15.5 (44.2) | 16.6 (18.5) | 15.6 (111.0) | 14.8 (15.8) | *** | 3.6 (8.7) | 4.7 (8.2) | * | 8.6 (11.2) | 5.4 (6.7) | *** | 9.1 (20.4) | *** | |||||||
| 1994-1997 | 210.4 (172.9) | *** | 50.6 (46.7) | ** | 33.3 (13.4) | *** | 13.2 (27.9) | 16.6 (16.3) | 6.7 (51.2) | 12.8 (14.7) | ** | 4.9 (12.3) | 6.1 (8.9) | 10.1 (11.0) | * | 6.4 (7.1) | *** | 10.3 (19.6) | *** | 70.7 (69.4) | ||||||
| 1998-2000 | 173.0 (168.1) | *** | 49.2 (52.2) | *** | 32.3 (13.6) | *** | 10.8 (22.2) | 14.6 (13.6) | 25.5 (176.7) | 13.1 (14.6) | * | 5.7 (20.6) | 7.9 (11.9) | 10.4 (16.0) | * | 5.0 (6.9) | *** | 11.4 (20.8) | *** | 60.3 (68.5) | ||||||
| Kyowa | 1982-1986 | 92.8 (144.1) | 84.4 (75.4) | 38.1 (15.4) | 29.6 (37.9) | 13.0 (13.0) | 15.9 (139.4) | 11.1 (14.7) | 9.4 (21.0) | 14.6 (23.4) | 10.9 (17.6) | 3.0 (5.6) | 5.9 (19.7) | |||||||||||||
| 1990-1993 | 67.3 (92.6) | * | 87.7 (75.9) | 34.1 (17.4) | ** | 20.7 (26.7) | *** | 15.7 (20.1) | ** | 27.8 (213.1) | 13.4 (15.8) | 11.5 (28.3) | 11.1 (17.9) | 9.6 (13.8) | 4.0 (6.3) | * | 10.9 (25.3) | ** | ||||||||
| 1994-1997 | 86.7 (124.2) | 90.3 (69.2) | * | 34.1 (14.8) | ** | 26.1 (37.4) | 15.4 (18.7) | ** | 6.9 (60.7) | 12.2 (16.2) | 8.3 (17.2) | 12.5 (20.6) | 10.3 (21.9) | 4.1 (6.4) | ** | 10.4 (27.4) | ** | 108.4 (77.0) | ||||||||
| 1998-2001 | 81.6 (107.5) | 81.4 (76.2) | 30.0 (16.4) | *** | 21.0 (32.5) | ** | 13.5 (18.5) | 8.2 (55.8) | 10.9 (14.7) | 10.2 (21.7) | 13.1 (22.2) | 13.1 (20.6) | * | 4.0 (6.4) | ** | 14.0 (31.3) | *** | 101.6 (82.0) | ||||||||
| Women | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ikawa | 1974-1977 | 114.9 (123.2) | 49.1 (36.9) | 33.7 (12.5) | 25.2 (34.1) | 12.6 (13.1) | 5.4 (44.2) | 9.9 (13.2) | 9.2 (14.3) | 6.7 (10.1) | 5.9 (6.5) | 1.4 (3.8) | 0.0 0.0 | |||||||||||||
| 1978-1981 | 130.8 (124.3) | 51.8 (43.7) | 26.1 (11.5) | *** | 24.8 (27.1) | 12.3 (18.1) | 4.7 (38.8) | 13.3 (16.7) | ** | 9.4 (14.6) | 8.4 (14.0) | 8.9 (13.9) | ** | 3.2 (5.5) | *** | 0.6 (7.1) | ||||||||||
| 1982-1985 | 195.0 (157.4) | *** | 49.0 (43.4) | 26.9 (9.8) | *** | 29.4 (38.0) | 10.4 (9.7) | 6.5 (45.2) | 12.8 (14.7) | ** | 8.6 (14.4) | 5.0 (12.7) | 9.0 (11.9) | *** | 3.5 (5.1) | *** | 0.0 (0.0) | |||||||||
| 1986-1989 | 175.4 (148.8) | *** | 51.3 (46.0) | 26.5 (10.8) | *** | 26.1 (47.7) | 11.8 (11.6) | 8.0 (55.9) | 13.9 (16.0) | *** | 4.7 (9.5) | 5.1 (9.2) | 7.7 (9.8) | * | 3.9 (5.7) | *** | 0.4 (3.2) | |||||||||
| 1990-1993 | 191.4 (143.0) | *** | 60.5 (46.0) | *** | 24.7 (9.7) | *** | 30.6 (50.2) | 12.1 (14.2) | 7.7 (52.4) | 13.1 (13.7) | *** | 3.6 (10.1) | 5.4 (8.5) | 8.2 (8.9) | ** | 5.7 (6.4) | *** | 0.2 (1.9) | ||||||||
| 1994-1997 | 184.4 (145.6) | *** | 60.4 (43.0) | *** | 23.0 (9.5) | *** | 22.2 (35.6) | 11.1 (9.3) | 4.4 (27.3) | 12.9 (15.0) | ** | 4.9 (9.1) | 7.7 (12.8) | 10.2 (11.5) | *** | 7.1 (7.1) | *** | 0.7 (5.7) | * | 47.0 (55.1) | ||||||
| 1998-2000 | 195.0 (181.3) | *** | 58.6 (48.5) | ** | 5.0 (12.2) | *** | 23.9 (36.4) | 12.1 (12.4) | 5.9 (42.2) | 10.2 (12.7) | 4.7 (8.5) | 8.9 (11.7) | * | 10.3 (13.3) | *** | 6.6 (7.1) | *** | 1.2 (6.5) | ** | 50.0 (57.6) | ||||||
| 0.0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Kyowa | 1982-1986 | 104.0 (118.9) | 74.5 (60.8) | 28.2 (13.3) | 35.3 (34.4) | 10.1 (10.6) | 6.6 (59.5) | 11.6 (14.6) | 11.1 (19.2) | * | 18.3 (25.9) | 8.7 (11.7) | 3.7 (6.0) | 0.4 (3.7) | ||||||||||||
| 1990-1993 | 84.5 (94.7) | * | 87.4 (63.2) | *** | 25.2 (12.4) | *** | 35.2 (32.0) | 11.7 (12.3) | 5.8 (45.9) | 12.8 (13.4) | 14.5 (25.0) | 15.7 (23.3) | 9.7 (15.1) | 5.0 (6.7) | ** | 1.2 (6.3) | ||||||||||
| 1994-1997 | 106.0 (124.4) | 81.9 (55.4) | * | 26.3 (14.2) | 35.2 (36.2) | 13.5 (16.6) | ‡ | 5.7 (50.4) | 10.1 (13.2) | 11.2 (34.2) | 14.7 (21.2) | * | 9.6 (13.2) | 5.7 (7.5) | *** | 1.1 (8.2) | 87.6 (65.5) | |||||||||
| 1998-2001 | 93.4 (116.3) | 78.2 (57.9) | 23.8 (13.5) | *** | 36.4 (36.7) | 0.1 (12.2) | 5.9 (50.6) | 11.4 (15.1) | 13.4 (27.9) | 15.6 (23.9) | 14.0 (23.0) | *** | 5.5 (6.5) | *** | 0.9 (5.1) | 91.5 (71.5) | ||||||||||
| vitamin B6 (mg/day) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Men | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ikawa | 1974-1977 | 0.14 (0.16) | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.40 (0.15) | 0.05 (0.11) | 0.41 (0.35) | 0.11 (0.18) | 0.02 (0.03) | --- | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.04 (0.06) | 0.01 (0.03) | 0.23 (0.3) | |||||||||||||
| 1978-1981 | 0.14 (0.13) | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.39 (0.15) | 0.07 (0.11) | 0.39 (0.40) | 0.13 (0.16) | * | 0.02 (0.03) | --- | 0.07 (0.11) | ** | 0.07 (0.07) | *** | 0.02 (0.03) | * | 0.20 (0.2) | ||||||||||
| 1982-1985 | 0.20 (0.16) | *** | 0.10 (0.10) | *** | 0.39 (0.15) | 0.07 (0.15) | 0.36 (0.32) | * | 0.13 (0.15) | * | 0.03 (0.03) | *** | --- | 0.03 (0.06) | *** | 0.05 (0.05) | * | 0.02 (0.05) | *** | 0.20 (0.2) | ||||||
| 1986-1989 | 0.16 (0.14) | 0.13 (0.12) | *** | 0.38 (0.16) | * | 0.07 (0.17) | 0.37 (0.34) | 0.14 (0.17) | * | 0.03 (0.03) | *** | --- | 0.04 (0.07) | ** | 0.06 (0.07) | ** | 0.03 (0.04) | *** | 0.20 (0.2) | |||||||
| 1990-1993 | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.12 (0.10) | *** | 0.33 (0.12) | *** | 0.07 (0.15) | 0.41 (0.47) | 0.17 (0.19) | *** | 0.03 (0.03) | *** | --- | 0.04 (0.07) | * | 0.05 (0.06) | * | 0.03 (0.04) | *** | 0.20 (0.2) | |||||||
| 1994-1997 | 0.17 (0.12) | * | 0.11 (0.09) | *** | 0.30 (0.12) | *** | 0.07 (0.14) | 0.41 (0.34) | 0.11 (0.14) | 0.02 (0.03) | ** | --- | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.07 (0.06) | *** | 0.04 (0.04) | *** | 0.20 (0.2) | 0.22 (0.2) | |||||||
| 1998-2001 | 0.16 (0.13) | 0.11 (0.12) | *** | 0.27 (0.12) | *** | 0.06 (0.16) | 0.35 (0.32) | 0.15 (0.21) | *** | 0.02 (0.03) | * | --- | 0.07 (0.10) | 0.07 (0.06) | *** | 0.03 (0.04) | *** | 0.19 (0.2) | 0.21 (0.2) | |||||||
| Kyowa | 1982-1986 | 0.10 (0.13) | 0.16 (0.13) | 0.33 (0.13) | 0.10 (0.15) | 0.37 (0.42) | 0.11 (0.18) | 0.02 (0.03) | --- | 0.09 (0.14) | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.13 (0.2) | |||||||||||||
| 1990-1993 | 0.08 (0.10) | 0.17 (0.16) | 0.27 (0.12) | *** | 0.07 (0.10) | ** | 0.41 (0.44) | * | 0.14 (0.21) | ** | 0.02 (0.03) | --- | 0.07 (0.11) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.02 (0.04) | * | 0.16 (0.2) | |||||||||
| 1994-1997 | 0.11 (0.13) | 0.17 (0.13) | * | 0.27 (0.11) | *** | 0.09 (0.15) | 0.38 (0.43) | 0.13 (0.19) | * | 0.02 (0.03) | --- | 0.08 (0.13) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.04) | ** | 0.15 (0.2) | 0.21 (0.2) | |||||||||
| 1998-2001 | 0.10 (0.12) | 0.16 (0.15) | 0.21 (0.11) | *** | 0.08 (0.14) | 0.31 (0.37) | 0.11 (0.16) | 0.02 (0.03) | --- | 0.09 (0.15) | 0.06 (0.07) | 0.02 (0.03) | * | 0.15 (0.2) | 0.20 (0.2) | |||||||||||
| Women | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ikawa | 1974-1977 | 0.14 (0.23) | 0.13 (0.09) | 0.31 (0.12) | 0.12 (0.19) | 0.25 (0.25) | 0.05 (0.10) | 0.02 (0.03) | --- | 0.06 (0.08) | 0.03 (0.03) | 0.01 (0.02) | 0.00 (0.0) | |||||||||||||
| 1978-1981 | 0.13 (0.13) | 0.13 (0.10) | 0.24 (0.09) | *** | 0.11 (0.14) | 0.22 (0.20) | 0.07 (0.11) | 0.02 (0.03) | ** | --- | 0.07 (0.10) | 0.05 (0.06) | ** | 0.02 (0.03) | ** | 0.01 (0.1) | ||||||||||
| 1982-1985 | 0.18 (0.13) | ** | 0.13 (0.21) | 0.25 (0.10) | *** | 0.15 (0.25) | 0.24 (0.19) | 0.08 (0.12) | ** | 0.02 (0.03) | * | --- | 0.04 (0.08) | * | 0.05 (0.05) | *** | 0.02 (0.03) | *** | 0.00 (0.0) | |||||||
| 1986-1989 | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.12 (0.10) | 0.23 (0.08) | *** | 0.13 (0.22) | 0.24 (0.20) | 0.10 (0.12) | *** | 0.03 (0.03) | *** | --- | 0.04 (0.07) | 0.04 (0.04) | 0.02 (0.03) | *** | 0.01 (0.0) | ||||||||||
| 1990-1993 | 0.16 (0.11) | 0.14 (0.09) | * | 0.21 (0.07) | *** | 0.12 (0.21) | 0.26 (0.23) | 0.10 (0.13) | *** | 0.02 (0.03) | ** | --- | 0.05 (0.07) | 0.05 (0.05) | *** | 0.03 (0.04) | *** | 0.00 (0.0) | ||||||||
| 1994-1997 | 0.17 (0.12) | * | 0.14 (0.10) | * | 0.18 (0.07) | *** | 0.11 (0.16) | 0.25 (0.21) | 0.10 (0.12) | *** | 0.02 (0.03) | ** | --- | 0.06 (0.09) | 0.06 (0.05) | *** | 0.04 (0.04) | *** | 0.01 (0.1) | * | 0.03 (0.1) | |||||
| 1998-2000 | 0.19 (0.15) | *** | 0.12 (0.08) | 0.19 (0.08) | *** | 0.10 (0.15) | 0.26 (0.23) | 0.10 (0.13) | *** | 0.02 (0.02) | --- | 0.07 (0.09) | ** | 0.10 (0.49) | *** | 0.04 (0.04) | *** | 0.01 (0.1) | * | 0.04 (0.1) | ||||||
| Kyowa | 1982-1986 | 0.11 (0.10) | 0.15 (0.13) | 0.22 (0.09) | 0.11 (0.12) | 0.23 (0.26) | 0.08 (0.12) | 0.02 (0.03) | --- | 0.12 (0.16) | 0.04 (0.05) | 0.02 (0.03) | 0.00 (0.0) | |||||||||||||
| 1990-1993 | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.17 (0.13) | 0.19 (0.07) | *** | 0.12 (0.12) | 0.26 (0.29) | 0.10 (0.13) | * | 0.02 (0.03) | --- | 0.10 (0.14) | 0.05 (0.06) | 0.03 (0.04) | * | 0.01 (0.1) | |||||||||||
| 1994-1997 | 0.13 (0.13) | ** | 0.17 (0.12) | 0.19 (0.09) | *** | 0.13 (0.15) | 0.24 (0.26) | 0.11 (0.13) | *** | 0.02 (0.02) | --- | 0.10 (0.13) | * | 0.05 (0.05) | 0.03 (0.04) | *** | 0.01 (0.1) | * | 0.07 (0.1) | |||||||
| 1998-2001 | 0.13 (0.14) | * | 0.16 (0.12) | 0.15 (0.07) | *** | 0.14 (0.16) | ** | 0.20 (0.25) | * | .10 (0.14) | ** | 0.02 (0.03) | --- | 0.10 (0.14) | 0.06 (0.06) | *** | 0.03 (0.04) | *** | 0.01 (0.0) | * | 0.07 (0.1) | |||||
| vitamin B12 (µg/day) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Men | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ikawa | 1974-1977 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 9.85 (10.10) | 0.86 (5.70) | 0.24 (0.32) | 0.07 (0.37) | --- | --- | 0.13 (0.32) | 0.05 (0.3) | |||||||||||||
| 1978-1981 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 9.15 (9.41) | 0.90 (4.14) | 0.26 (0.31) | 0.10 (0.62) | --- | --- | 0.20 (0.36) | ** | 0.03 (0.2) | |||||||||||||
| 1982-1985 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 9.07 (9.22) | 0.54 (1.97) | 0.33 (0.35) | *** | 0.08 (0.38) | --- | --- | 0.24 (0.37) | *** | 0.07 (0.2) | * | |||||||||||
| 1986-1989 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 8.77 (7.86) | 1.13 (4.84) | 0.36 (0.36) | *** | 0.09 (0.33) | --- | --- | 0.28 (0.39) | *** | 0.10 (0.3) | ** | |||||||||||
| 1990-1993 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 9.41 (9.30) | 0.93 (3.92) | 0.31 (0.33) | *** | 0.06 (0.26) | --- | --- | 0.35 (0.42) | *** | 0.13 (0.3) | *** | |||||||||||
| 1994-1997 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 8.56 (8.21) | 0.86 (3.93) | 0.27 (0.31) | ** | 0.12 (0.42) | --- | --- | 0.41 (0.43) | *** | 0.15 (0.3) | *** | 0.15 (0.3) | ||||||||||
| 1998-2001 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 8.28 (7.81) | 1.41 (6.72) | * | 0.28 (0.32) | * | 0.12 (0.56) | --- | --- | 0.35 (0.44) | *** | 0.16 (0.3) | *** | 0.16 (0.3) | |||||||||
| Kyowa | 1982-1986 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7.00 (9.14) | 0.69 (4.39) | 0.24 (0.32) | 0.22 (0.66) | --- | --- | 0.19 (0.35) | 0.08 (0.3) | |||||||||||||
| 1990-1993 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7.91 (8.90) | ** | 1.34 (8.00) | * | 0.28 (0.33) | 0.26 (0.85) | --- | --- | 0.25 (0.39) | * | 0.16 (0.4) | ** | ||||||||||
| 1994-1997 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.62 (7.83) | 0.42 (2.05) | 0.26 (0.36) | 0.21 (0.55) | --- | --- | 0.27 (0.42) | ** | 0.15 (0.4) | ** | 0.15 (0.4) | |||||||||||
| 1998-2001 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.20 (7.56) | 0.50 (1.97) | 0.24 (0.35) | 0.27 (0.67) | --- | --- | 0.25 (0.40) | ** | 0.20 (0.5) | *** | 0.20 (0.5) | |||||||||||
| Women | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ikawa | 1974-1977 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7.40 (8.02) | 0.27 (1.44) | 0.21 (0.29) | 0.14 (0.71) | --- | --- | 0.09 (0.24) | 0.00 (0.0) | |||||||||||||
| 1978-1981 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.12 (6.67) | 0.28 (1.27) | 0.28 (0.35) | ** | 0.10 (0.30) | --- | --- | 0.20 (0.33) | *** | 0.01 (0.1) | ||||||||||||
| 1982-1985 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.21 (5.86) | 0.42 (1.71) | 0.27 (0.31) | ** | 0.07 (0.23) | --- | --- | 0.22 (0.30) | *** | 0.00 (0.0) | ||||||||||||
| 1986-1989 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.95 (7.20) | 0.49 (2.28) | 0.29 (0.34) | *** | 0.07 (0.29) | --- | --- | 0.25 (0.36) | *** | 0.01 (0.1) | ||||||||||||
| 1990-1993 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 7.12 (7.20) | 0.44 (1.94) | 0.28 (0.29) | *** | 0.06 (0.30) | --- | --- | 0.37 (0.40) | *** | 0.00 (0.0) | ||||||||||||
| 1994-1997 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.15 (6.58) | * | 0.33 (1.41) | 0.28 (0.32) | ** | 0.12 (0.31) | --- | --- | 0.44 (0.40) | *** | 0.01 (0.1) | * | 0.01 (0.1) | |||||||||
| 1998-2000 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 6.15 (6.49) | 0.35 (1.49) | 0.22 (0.27) | 0.10 (0.28) | --- | --- | 0.44 (0.43) | *** | 0.02 (0.1) | ** | 0.02 (0.1) | |||||||||||
| Kyowa | 1982-1986 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.13 (6.26) | 0.38 (2.09) | 0.25 (0.33) | 0.26 (0.57) | --- | --- | 0.23 (0.37) | 0.01 (0.1) | |||||||||||||
| 1990-1993 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.56 (6.80) | 0.39 (2.09) | 0.27 (0.28) | 0.36 (0.78) | --- | --- | 0.31 (0.41) | 0.02 (0.1) | ||||||||||||||
| 1994-1997 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 5.41 (7.83) | 0.33 (1.67) | 0.21 (0.28) | 0.30 (1.06) | --- | --- | 0.35 (0.44) | 0.02 (0.1) | 0.02 (0.1) | |||||||||||||
| 1998-2001 | --- | --- | --- | --- | 4.56 (6.32) | 0.37 (1.74) | 0.26 (0.40) | 0.35 (0.82) | --- | --- | 0.34 (0.41) | 0.01 (0.1) | 0.01 (0.1) | |||||||||||||
Symbols at the right of standard deviations represent P value for difference from the first survey; *: p<0.05, **: p<0.01, ***: p<0.001
For alcohol/beverages, nutrient inatekes were shown when we excluded or included green tea.
Intakes of nutrients were evaluated in conditions before cooking.