Table 2.
Y = Daily anxiety |
Y = Uncoded anxiety |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
COVID-19 mortality rate | 0.030*** | 0.030*** | 0.039*** | 0.116*** | 0.118*** | 0.120*** |
(0.010) | (0.009) | (0.013) | (0.026) | (0.025) | (0.044) | |
Controls | ||||||
Individual fixed effects | . | . | ✓ | . | . | ✓ |
Individual characteristics | . | ✓ | ✓ | . | ✓ | ✓ |
State & Week fixed effects | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ |
Observations | 411,366 | 411,366 | 157,760 | 411,366 | 411,366 | 157,760 |
-squared | 0.002 | 0.031 | 0.816 | 0.004 | 0.071 | 0.882 |
Note: Daily Anxiety is an indicator taking the value of one if the individual feels nervous, anxious, or on edge every day, zero otherwise. Uncoded Anxiety is the frequency of feeling nervous, anxious, or on edge, ranging from 1—not at all to 4—nearly every day. Our main explanatory variable, COVID-19 Mortality Rate, is the total number of people in the state who have died as a result of COVID-19 a week from the survey start date, divided by the state's population, and multiplied by 10,000. Individual Characteristics include age, age-squared, marital status, race, gender, occupational sector, and educational attainment. With the inclusion of individual fixed effects, time-constant individual characteristics will automatically be dropped due to multicollinearity. Robust standard errors are clustered at the state-by-week level. Sampling weights are used since the unweighted estimates may be biased in the presence of endogenous sampling. , , ***.