Table 3.
The antiviral activities of polyphenols, some examples from the available studies.
| Polyphenols | Main sources | Conclusion | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Theaflavins | Black tea | Theaflavins inhibited the Sindbis Virus infection by 99% at a concentration of 14.6 mM. | Villagomez (2017) |
| Act directly on HCV-viral particles and inhibit the ability to bind to the receptor surface. | Chowdhury et al. (2018) | ||
| Epigallocatechin gallate, epicatechingallate and gallocatechin-3-gallate | Green tea | EGCG effectively inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection and replication in porcine alveolar macrophages. It prevents MARC-145 cells. | Ge et al. (2018) |
| EGCG directly interacts with the Dengue virus molecule causing virus deformation and thus preventing the virus from infecting further cells. | Raekiansyah, Buerano, Luz, and Morita (2018) | ||
| Different polyphenols | Radix Sophorae, rhrizome Acanthopanacis, radix Sanguisorbae and extract Torilis fructus | Inhibits the effects on replication stages and/or their influence on cellular signal pathways of Mouse hepatitis virus. | Kim et al. (2010) |
| Quercetin and rutin | Houttuynia cordata Thunb | Inhibitory effects on the ATPase of mouse hepatitis and DENV type 2 virus. | Chiow et al. (2016) |
| (+)-Catechin | Teas and pome fruits | Inhibiting effect on transmissible gastroenteritis virus proliferation in vitro and associated with its anti-oxidation. | Liang et al. (2015) |
| Caffeic, chlorogenic, and gallic acids | Sambucus Formosana Nakai | Inhibition of the replication of HCoV NL63 in a cell-type independent manner. | Weng et al. (2019) |
| Anthocyanins | Sambucus nigra | Inhibition of avian infectious bronchitis virus replication | Chen et al. (2014) |
| Resveratrol | Skins of red fruits | Resveratrol inhibits the binding of Zika virus particles to cells and reduces circulating Zika virus particles, which underlines its potential of limiting disease severity during the viraemic phase. | Mohd, Zainal, Tan, and AbuBakar (2019) |
| Resveratrol | Skins of red fruits | Resveratrol exhibited potent inhibitory effects against influenza in MDCK cells via the blockade of nuclear-cytoplasmic translocation of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes, the decrease in the expression of late viral proteins, and the inhibition of cellular protein kinase C activity and its dependent pathways. | Palamara et al. (2005) |
| Flavonoids | Elderberry and blueberry | Several blueberry varieties exert anti-influenza viral activities, especially viral adsorption, which positively correlated with the total polyphenol content in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. | Sekizawa, Ikuta, Ohnishi-Kameyama, Nishiyama, and Suzutani (2019) |