Table A1.
Variable Definitions and Data Sources.
| Variables | Definition | Sources |
|---|---|---|
| DR1 (Mortality rate) | The ratio of the total number of deaths to total number of infections | John Hopkins CSSE GitHub Data Source |
|
DR2 (Mortality rate per 100,000 people) |
The ratio of total number of deaths to population Excess death is calculated as the difference between the observed that for the period and average deaths over the last 5 years for the same period. The ratio is defined as the number of excess deaths to the expected number of deaths for the corresponding period. |
John Hopkins CSSE GitHub Data Source The Economist The New York Times Human Mortality Database https://www.mortality.org/ |
| Excess death ratio | ||
| GDP Growth | Average GDP growth rate for 2018 and 2019 | IMF |
| GDP per capita | Gross Domestic Product per capita | World Bank |
| Density | Population density (people per square kilometre of land area) | World Bank |
| Pop65 | Population aged 65 and above as percentage of population | World Bank |
| Health Exp | Total health expenditure including government and external expenditure expressed as a ratio of total public spending | World Bank |
| Hospital Beds | Number of hospital beds expressed per 10,000 people | UNDP |
| Stringency | A composite index derived from information on 17 indicators of government responses; including containment and closure policies; economic policies; and health system policies | https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/research-projects/coronavirus-government-response-tracker |
| Climate Risk | Cumulative climate risk index based on the impact of extreme whether events both in terms of fatalities and economic losses from 1999 to 2018. | https://germanwatch.org/en/cri |
| ND-Gain | A measure of climate change adaptation based on the vulnerability and readiness of the country. Higher score indicates higher adaptation | Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative |
| Readiness | The country’s ability to leverage investments and convert them to adaptation actions considering three components: economic, social and governance readiness | Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative |
| Individualism | Individualism score of the countries which is defined as a preference of loosely-knit social framework | https://hi.hofstede-insights.com/national-culture |
| Regions |
|
World Bank |