Table 1. Demographic data and clinical characteristics of study subjects based on body mass index.
| Variables | Total (n=37) | Normal (n=5) | Pre-obese (n=7) | Obese (n=25) | p value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 50 ± 7.93 | 48 ± 9.76 | 50 ± 3.74 | 50 ± 8.63 | 0.907α |
| Gender male, n (n/N) | 14 (14/37) | 2 (2/5) | 4 (4/7) | 8 (8/25) | 0.477γ |
| Waist circumference, mean ± SD | 96.65 ± 10.02 | 90.80 ± 12.51 | 88.85 ± 4.60 | 100 ± 9.08 | 0.009 α* |
| Central obesity, n (n/N) | 34 (34/37) | 4 (4/5) | 5 (5/7) | 25 (25/25) | 0.029 γ* |
| HbA1c, median (range) | 6.6 (4.8–14) | 5.4 (5.0–7.2) | 7.8 (5.8–9.8) | 6.6 (4.8–14) | 0.061β |
| Fasting blood glucose, median (range) | 108 (51–291) | 99 (59–141) | 118 (81–222) | 108 (51–291) | 0.748 β |
| 2 hr postprandial blood glucose, median (range) | 149 (76–473) | 110 (81–357) | 155 (93–199) | 149 (76–473) | 0.632 β |
| Type 2 DM, n (n/N) | 30 (30/37) | 5 (5/5) | 5 (5/7) | 20 (20/25) | 0.447 γ |
| Dyslipidemia, n (n/N) | 24 (24/37) | 1 (1/5) | 5 (5/7) | 18 (18/25) | 0.078 γ |
| Triglyceride, median (range) | 124 (73–282) | 105 (86–191) | 126 (73–282) | 125 (75–259) | 0.556 β |
| HDL (mmol/L), median (range) | 45 (29–111) | 49 (40–58) | 51 (35–59) | 43 (29–111) | 0.309 β |
| LDL (mmol/L), median (range) | 126 (60–213) | 93 (90–175) | 126 (60–164) | 131 (68–213) | 0.840 β |
| AST (U/L), median (range) | 20 (12–78) | 24 (18–36) | 19 (12–33) | 20 (12–78) | 0.551 β |
| ALT (U/L), median (range) | 19 (10–61) | 17 (14–28) | 28 (11–57) | 19 (10–61) | 0.686 β |
| Albumin (mg/dL), median (range) | 4.5 (2.7–5.3) | 4.3 (4.2–4.5) | 4.6 (2.7–4.9) | 4.4 (4–5.3) | 0.485 β |
| Fibrosis, median (range) | 5.6 (3.1–18.2) | 5.1 (3.3–6.7) | 4.3 (3.6–8.0) | 6.0 (3.1–18.2) | 0.600 β |
| Steatosis, mean ± SD | 273 ± 64 | 212 ± 18 | 277 ± 59 | 285 ± 66 | 0.069 α |
| Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ≥1.09 , n (n/N) | 26 (26/37) | 4 (4/5) | 4 (4/7) | 18 (18/25) | 0.657 γ |
| Microbiota diversity ≤4.41, n (n/N) | 25 (25/37) | 3 (3/5) | 3 (3/7) | 19 (19/25) | 0.235 γ |
| Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio ≥1.09 and microbiota diversity ≤4.41, n (n/N) | 18 (18/37) | 2 (2/5) | 2 (2/7) | 14 (14/25) | 0.403 γ |
SD: standard deviation; BMI: body mass index; Type 2 DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus; HDL: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL: low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; ALT: alanine aminotransferase. *Statistically significant. αANOVA test. βKruskal-Wallis test. γχ2 test.