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. 2021 Jan 8;134(1):19–41. doi: 10.1007/s10265-020-01244-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 2 — Occurrence of mycoheterotrophy within Orchidaceae. Evolutionary tracks of mycoheterotrophy are traced on a phylogenetic tree covering all major clades of the family (Chase et al. 2015). Tribes or subtribes that include saprophytic fungi-associated mycoheterotrophic plants (SAP-MHPs) are colored yellow. Genera that include SAP or ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi-associated MHPs (ECM-MHPs) are colored red and blue, respectively. The genus Epipogium comprises both SAP- and ECM-associated species. Genera of unknown mycorrhizal status are not colored. Asterisks indicate genera that include both leafy and leafless species