. 2021 Jan 8;134(1):19–41. doi: 10.1007/s10265-020-01244-6

Table 1.

Mycoheterotrophic species associated with litter- or wood-decaying fungi, and the taxonomic affiliations of their mycobionts

Plant taxa	Taxonomic affiliation of mycobionts		Analyses^a	References	Notes
Plant taxa	Order	Taxa	Analyses^a	References	Notes
Cremastra aphylla	Agaricales	Coprinellus domesticus, Coprinellus sp.	Molecular identification, sporocarp formation	Yagame et al. (2018)	One of the isolates was identified as C. domesticus.
Cyrtosia javanica	Polyporales	Meripilaceae	Molecular identification, stable isotopes	Lee et al. (2015)	The Meripilaceae fungi were identified as Physisporinus by Yamashita et al. (2020).
C. septentrionalis (Galeola septentrionalis)^b	Agaricales	Armillaria mellea	Rhizomorph morphology, isolate characteristics	Hamada (1939, 1940)
		Armillaria mellea	Symbiotic culture	Terashita (1985)	Aseptic seedlings formed mycorrhizae with A. mellea.
		Armillaria tabescens	Sporocarp formation	Terashita and Chuman (1987)
		Armillaria borealis, A. cepistipes, A. gallica (A. bulbosa), A. mellea, A. tabescens	SI test	Terashita and Chuman (1989), Terashita (1996)	Possibly A. borealis, but further identification is required.
		Armillaria	Isozyme	Matsushita et al. (1996)	The fungal isolates were assigned to four biological species.
		Armirallia jezoensis	SI test	Cha and Igarashi (1996)
		Armirallia jezoensis	PCR-RFLP	Terashima et al. (1998)
		Armillaria mellea	SI test, RAPD	Ota et al. (2000)
		Armillaria gallica, A. mellea, A. tabescens	Symbiotic culture	Umata et al. (2013)	Seed germination was stimulated, but no further growth was observed.
	Polyporales	Meripilaceae	Symbiotic culture, molecular identification	Umata et al. (2013)	Seed germination and following seedling growth were promoted. The Meripilaceae fungus was identified as Physisporinus by Yamashita et al. (2020).
	Russulales	Xylobolus annosus	Symbiotic culture	Umata et al. (2013)	Seed germination was stimulated, but no further growth was observed.
	Cantharellales	Rhizoctonia repens	Symbiotic culture	Masuhara and Katsuya (1991)	Aseptic seedlings formed mycorrhizae with R. repens.
	–	–	–	Nakamura et al. (1975), Nakamura (1982)	The aseptic seed germination was observed.
	–	–	–	Umata et al. (2006)	No fungal peloton was observed in the protocorms obtained from in situ seed germination.
	–	–	Stable isotopes	Motomura et al. (2010)
	–	–	Radiocarbon	Suetsugu et al. (2020b)
Didymoplexis micradenia (D. minor) ^b	Agaricales	Marasmius coniatus var. didymoplexis	Symbiotic culture, sporocarp formation	Burgeff (1932, 1936, 1959)
D. pallens	Agaricales	Marasmius coniatus var. didymoplexis	Symbiotic culture, sporocarp formation	Burgeff (1932, 1936, 1959)
	–	–	–	Irawati (2002)	Aseptic seedlings produced inflorescences.
Epipogium roseum	Agaricales	Coprinellus (Coprinus)^b, Psathyrella	Molecular identification	Yamato et al. (2005)
		Coprinellus	Molecular identification, symbiotic culture	Yagame et al. (2007)
		Coprinellus disseminatus	Sporocarp formation	Yagame et al. (2008)
Erythrorchis altissima (Galeola altissima, E. ochobiensis) ^b	Hymenochaetales	Erythromyces crocicreas (Hymenochaete crociceras)^b	Isolate characteristics	Hamada and Nakamura (1963)
	Agaricales	Lentinula edodes	Symbiotic culture	Umata (1998a)	See also supplemental information of Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2018) for a series of studies by Umata.
		Lyophyllum shimeji	Symbiotic culture	Umata (1997a)	Seed germination was stimulated, but no promotive effect for further development.
		Pleurotus ostreatus	Symbiotic culture	Umata et al. (2000a)
		Gymnopus, Hypholoma, Mycena, Neonothopanus	Molecular identification	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2018)	The Gymnopus sequence was nested within the Marasmiellus clade (Fig. S2).
	Atheliales	Athelia	Molecular identification	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2018)
	Auriculariales	Auricularia polytricha	Symbiotic culture	Umata (1997b)
	Cantharellales	Ceratobasidium, Tulasnella	Molecular identification	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2018)
	Corticiales	Vuilleminia	Molecular identification	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2018)
	Hymenochaetales	Erythromyces crocicreas	Symbiotic culture	Umata (1995, 1998b)
		Phellinus sp.	Symbiotic culture	Umata (1995, 1998b)
		Phellinus gilvus, Phellinus wahlbergii	Symbiotic culture	Umata et al. (2000a)
		Fuscoporia, Hymenocaetaceae	Molecular identification	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2018)
	Polyporales	Fomitopsis vinosa, Lentinus sajor-caju, Panus tigrinus	Symbiotic culture	Umata et al. (2000a)
		Ganoderma australe, Loweporus tephroporus, Microporus affinis	Symbiotic culture	Umata (1995, 1998b)
		Lenzites betulinus, Trametes hirsuta	Symbiotic culture	Umata (1999)
		Ceriporia, Hyphoderma, Ischnoderma, Microporus, Phanerochaete, Phanerocaetaceae, Phlebia, Phlebiopsis, Stereum	Molecular identification	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2018)
	Russulales	Hericium erinaceus, Xylobolus annosus	Symbiotic culture	Umata et al. (2000a)
		Asterostroma, Coniophorafomes matsuzawae, Russula^c, Scytinostroma	Molecular identification	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2018)
	Sebacinales Russula	Serendipitaceae	Molecular identification	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2018)
	Trechisporales	Hyphodontia, Sitstostremastrum, Trechispora, Trechisporales, Trichaptum cf. durum	Molecular identification, stable isotopes	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2018)
Erythrorchis cassythoides	Agaricales, Russulales	Russula^c, Gymnopus	Molecular identification	Dearnaley (2006)	The Gymnopus sequence was nested within the Marasmiellus clade (Fig. S2).
Eulophia zollingeri	Agaricales	Psathyrella cf. candolleana	Molecular identification	Ogura-Tsujita and Yukawa (2008)
	–	–	Radiocarbon	Suetsugu et al. (2020b)
Galeola falconeri	Polyporales	Meripilaceae	Molecular identification, stable isotopes	Lee et al. (2015)	The Meripilaceae fungus was identified as Physisporinus by Yamashita et al. (2020).
G. nudifolia (G. hydra)^b	Polyporales	Fomes		Burgeff (1959)
Gastrodia appendiculata	Agaricales	Mycena	Molecular identification, stable isotopes	Lee et al. (2015)
G. callosa	–	Mycelia without clamp connection	Microscopic observation	Burgeff (1932, 1959)
G. confusa	Agaricales	Clitocybula, Gymnopus, Mycena	Molecular identification, stable isotopes	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2009)	Mycena was the most dominant. The sequences of Clitocybula and Gymnopus were nested within the hydropoid and Marasmiellus clades, respectively (Fig. S2).
		Mycena	Molecular identification, symbiotic culture	Shimaoka et al. (2017)
	Cantharellales	Ceratobasidium	Molecular identification	Ogura-Tsujita et al. (2009)
G. cunninghamii	Agaricales	Armillaria mellea	Morphology of rhizomorph	Campbell (1962)	Rhizomorphs were attached to the tuber surfaces.
G. elata	Agaricales	Armillaria mellea	Rhizomorph morphology	Kusano (1911)	See also the review by Xu and Guo (2000) and Liu et al. (2010) for G. elata study.
		A. gallica	SI test	Mohammed et al. (1994)
		A. gallica, A. jezoensis, A. ostoyae, A. sinapina, A. singula	SI test, isozyme	Cha and Igarashi (1995)
		A. gallica	SI test, sporocarp formation	Kikuchi et al. (2008b)
		A. cepistipes, A. gallica, A. nabsnona	SI test	Kikuchi et al. (2008a)
		A. nabsnona	SI test, molecular identification	Sekizaki et al. (2008)
		Armirallia (seven lineages)	Molecular identification	Guo et al. (2016)
		Armirallia	Molecular identification, symbiotic culture	Yeh et al. (2017)
		Mycena anoectochila	Symbiotic culture	Guo et al. (1997)
		Mycena dendrobii	Symbiotic culture	Guo et al. (1999), Pan et al. (2015)
		Mycena orchidicola	Symbiotic culture	Fan et al. (1996)
		Mycena osmundicola, Mycena	Symbiotic culture	Hong et al. (2002)
		Mycena osmundicola	Sporocarp formation, symbiotic culture	Xu and Guo (1989)
		Mycena osmundicola	Symbiotic culture	Kim et al. (2006)
		Armillaria mellea, Mycena osmundicola	Symbiotic culture	Park et al. (2012)
		Mycena	Molecular identification, symbiotic culture	Park and Lee (2013a)
		Armillaria mellea, Mycena	Symbiotic culture	Park and Lee (2013b)
		Mycena	Symbiotic culture, TEM	Li et al. (2020)
	Agaricales and others	Unidentified Agaricales and others	Illumina sequencing	Chen et al. (2019)	Identified from seedlings.
	Hymenochaetales	Resinicium	Illumina sequencing	Chen et al. (2019)	Identified from seedlings.
	–	–	Radiocarbon	Suetsugu et al. (2020b)
G. flabilabella	Agaricales	Hydropus	Molecular identification, stable isotopes	Lee et al. (2015)
	Agaricales and others	Mycena and others	Illumina sequencing	Liu et al. (2015)
G. fontinalis	Agaricales	Gymnopus, Mycena	Molecular identification, stable isotopes	Lee et al. (2015)
G. javanica	Agaricales	Xerotus javanicus	Sporocarp formation	Burgeff (1936, 1959)
G. lacista	–	–	Stable isotopes	Sommer et al. (2012)
G. minor	–	Clamp bearing fungus	Isolate characteristics	Campbell (1963)
G. nantoensis	Agaricales	Mycena	Molecular identification, stable isotopes	Lee et al. (2015)
G. nipponica	Agaricales	Crinipellis, Clitocybula, Gymnopus, Marasmiellus, Marasmius, Mycena	Molecular identification	Kinoshita et al. (2016)	The sequences of Crinipellis, Critocybula, Gymnopus, Marasmiellus and Marasmius were spread into the Omphalotaceae, Marasmiaceae and hydropoid clades (Fig. S2).
	Auriculariales	Auricularia	Molecular identification	Kinoshita et al. (2016)
	Corticiales	Corticium	Molecular identification, symbiotic culture	Shimaoka et al. (2017)
	Hymenochaetales	Resinicium	Molecular identification	Kinoshita et al. (2016)
	Polyporales	Meruliaceae, Phlebiopsis, Polyporales	Molecular identification	Kinoshita et al. (2016)
		Theleporus	Molecular identification, symbiotic culture	Shimaoka et al. (2017)
	Russulales	Lactarius^c, Peniophoraceae, Russula^c	Molecular identification	Kinoshita et al. (2016)
	Sebacinales	Sebacina^c	Molecular identification	Kinoshita et al. (2016)
	Trechisporales	Trechispora	Molecular identification, symbiotic culture	Shimaoka et al. (2017)
G. pubilabiata	Agaricales	Crinipellis, Clitocybula, Gymnopus, Marasmiellus, Marasmius, Mycena, Pterulaceae	Molecular identification	Kinoshita et al. (2016)	The sequences of Crinipellis, Clitocybula, Gymnopus, Marasmiellus and Marasmius were spread into the Omphalotaceae, Marasmiaceae and hydropoid clades (Fig. S2).
		Mycena	Molecular identification, symbiotic culture	Higaki et al. (2017)
	Cantharellales	Tulasnella	Molecular identification	Kinoshita et al. (2016)
	Polyporales	Diplomitoporus rimosus	Molecular identification	Kinoshita et al. (2016)	Fungal ITS sequences had 100% similarity with D. rimosus.
		Diplomitoporus rimosus	Molecular identification, symbiotic culture	Shimaoka et al. (2017)	Fungal ITS sequence from protocorm shared 558/559 bp identity with that from D. rimosus.
	–	Isolates from G. confusa (G. verrucosa)	Symbiotic culture	Umata et al. (2000b)
G. sesamoides	Polyporales	Probably Fomes mastoporus	Field observation	Campbell (1964)	Mycelium, that was similar to the mycobiont of G. sesamoides, was traced to the sporocarp of F. mastoporus.
	Agaricales	Campanella, Marasmius	Molecular identification, stable isotopes	Dearnaley and Bougoure (2010)	The sequences of Campanella and Marasmius were nested within the campanelloids and Omphalotaceae clades, respectively (Fig. S2).
	–	Clamp bearing fungus	Microscopic observation	McLennan (1959)
	–	–	Stable isotopes	Gomes et al. (2020)
G. similis	Hymenochaetales	Resinicium, Mycena, Gymnopus	Molecular identification, stable isotopes	Martos et al. (2009)	Resinicium is the most dominant. The Gymnopus sequence was nested within the Marasmiellus clade (Fig. S2).
G. verrucosa	–	Clamp bearing isolates from G. nipponica and G. verrucosa	Symbiotic culture	Tashima et al. (1978)	Plant identification is erroneous and may represent either Gastrodia confusa or G. pubilabiata (H. Umata, personal communication).
Wullschlaegelia calcarata	Agaricales	Gymnopus, Mycena	Molecular identification	Martos et al. (2009)	A species was wrongly identified as W. aphylla in Martos et al. (2009) (see Hatté et al. 2020). The Gymnopus sequences were nested within the two clades of Omphalotaceae (Fig. S2).
			Radiocarbon	Hatté et al. (2020)
Yoania amagiensis	Polyporales	Physisporinus (four OTUs)	Molecular identification	Yamashita et al. (2020)
Y. flava	–	Unidentified isolate from Y. flava rhizome	Symbiotic culture	Tsuda et al. (2004)	Asymbiotic culture was also achieved.
	Polyporales	Physisporinus (a single OTU), Thelephoraceae^c	Molecular identification	Yamashita et al. (2020)	A single Physisporinus OTU is dominantly detected.
Y. japonica	Polyporales	Physisporinus (two OTUs)	Molecular identification	Yamashita et al. (2020)	A single OTU is dominantly detected.
	–	–	Radiocarbon	Suetsugu et al. (2020b)

^aMethods for fungal identification are shown. Molecular identification: Identification by using extract DNA from the fungal isolates or mycorrhizal roots. Sporocarp formation: Identification by morphology of sporocarp formed from fungal isolates. Isolate characteristics: Fungal isolates were identified by morphological and cultural characteristics. SI test: Somatic incompatibility test of fungal isolates. Symbiotic culture: Plants were co-cultured with fungi. Illumina sequencing: Fungal community in mycorrhizal tissue was assessed by llumina sequencing. TEM: Transmission electron microscopy. Stable isotope analysis and radiocarbon approach are also indicated as “Stable isotopes” and “Radiocarbon”, respectively

^bBinomials in parentheses are those used in the original publications. Current taxonomic literature suggests that these names are appropriate to treat as synonyms, ^c Ectomycorrhizal fungi