Table 2.

Univariate and multivariate Cox proportional analysis for overall survival (cohort #2, N = 86)

	n	Univariate analysis		Multivariate analysis
		HR	95% CI	P value	HR	95% CI	P value
Gender
Male	55	1
Female	31	0.819	0.488–1.374	0.448
Age (years)
≥ 65	36	1
< 65	50	1.241	0.755–2.040	0.396
Location
Head	54	1
Other	32	1.155	0.701–1.903	0.571
Grading
G1a	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
G2	51	1			1
G3	29	2.139	1.272–3.596	0.004	2.187	1.256–3.808	0.006
G4a	3	–	–	–	–	–	–
pStage
I	11	1			1
II	38	4.037	1.416–11.507	0.009	3.119	1.075–9.047	0.036
III	30	3.694	1.274–10.717	0.016	3.501	1.184–10.353	0.023
IV	7	5.452	1.524–19.497	0.009	3.585	0.938–13.706	0.062
Vascular invasion
Yes	25	1
No	61	1.349	0.805–2.262	0.256
Diameter (cm)
≥ 4	26	1
< 4	60	0.836	0.498–1.402	0.497
Procedure
PD	50	1
DP	27	1.149	0.670–1.969	0.613
TP	9	1.149	0.484–2.728	0.752
Postoperative chemotherapy
No	47	1	0.270–0.750			0.329–1.022
Yes	39	0.450		0.002	0.580		0.06
VISTA in TCs
Low	65	1			1
High	21	0.535	0.290–0.987	0.045	0.481	0.246–0.943	0.033
VISTA in ICs
Low	56	1
High	30	1.092	0.655–1.822	0.735
VISTA in ECs
Low	60	1
High	26	0.983	0.582–1.658	0.948
PD-L1
Low	71	1			1
High	15	2.951	1.592–5.469	0.001	3.503	1.799–6.821	< 0.001

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval, TC tumor cells, IC immune cells, ECs endothelial cells, PD pancreaticoduodenectomy, DP distal pancreatectomy, TP total pancreatectomy

^aBecause small number of cases in these groups, the survival analysis was meaningless