Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2021 Jan 7;11:619951. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.619951

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

Copyright © 2021 Johnson, Drummer IV, Shan, Shao, Sun, Lu, Saaoud, Xu, Nanayakkara, Fang, Bagi, Jiang, Choi, Wang and Yang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

PMC Copyright notice

A new working model: Extended high fat diet feeding overcomes the deficiency of proinflammatory miR155, generates CD95+ adipose tissue macrophages and secretes miR155 independent-, or miR155-suppressed proinflammatory cytokines/adipokines (second wave of inflammation), promotes aortic endothelial cell activation and increases atherosclerosis, which makes MHO transition to delayed MUO. (A) MHO is an intermediate stage in the development of delayed MUO. (A1) in the presence of wild-type miR155, cardiovascular metabolic disease risk factors accelerate the progression of MHO from metabolically healthy lean; (A2) In the absence of miR155, development of MUO need to go through an intermediate stage of MHO. (B) (B1) Adipocyte (pale yellow with light blue nuclei)-secreted and macrophage-secreted TNFα (red dots) may promote CD95+CD86- macrophage phenotype (green). This macrophage subset together with peripheral blood CD95+ monocytes/macrophages may secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines into the circulation (yellow dots), which in turn induce aortic EC activation, shown by ICAM1 upregulation (B2, gray dots). The CD95+ monocytes/macrophages in aortas may also secrete proinflammatory cytokines and contribute to EC activation (B2b). (C) Over time, EC activation progresses towards atherosclerosis development (B3, bright yellow). Red dots: TNFα. Yellow dots: pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines/other molecules.