. 2021 Jan 20;11:1851. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-80545-1

Table 2.

Results of Model₂, testing what individual and social factors can modulate yawn contagion and the pairwise comparisons for the multinomial, fixed factors having a significant main effect on the dependent variable.

	Estimate	SE	z-value	P
Model₂—(GLMM) Dependent variable = yawn contagion (binomial: presence = 1; absence = 0) *Random factors = trigger identityresponder identity Full versus null model: χ² = 61.439, df = 12, p < 0.001**
(Intercept)^a	0.806	2.360	A	a
Trigger sex (M)^b,c	1.867	0.792	2.357	0.018
Potential responder sex (M)^b,c	0.166	0.409	0.407	0.684
Trigger age	− 0.183	0.117	− 1.563	0.118
Potential responder age	0.220	0.067	3.295	0.001
Trigger breed (2)	− 1.425	1.320	− 1.080	0.280
Trigger breed (3)	− 1.670	1.225	− 1.363	0.173
Responder breed (2)	− 0.329	0.852	− 0.386	0.700
Responder breed (3)	0.190	0.844	0.225	0.822
Kinship (2)^b,c	0.449	0.800	0.561	0.574
Kinship (3)^b,c	2.206	0.873	2.527	0.012
Distance (2) ^b,c	− 2.453	0.503	− 4.872	< 0.001
Distance (3)	− 2.736	0.601	− 4.550	< 0.001
Pairwise comparisons (Tukey test) for the multinomial fixed factors of Model₂ having a significant main effect on the dependent variable Bonferroni-adjusted p-values are reported
Kinship (1 = weak kinship; 2 = half-siblings; 3 = full-siblings)
2 versus 1	0.449	0.800	0.561	0.840
3 versus 1	2.206	0.873	2.527	0.031
3 versus 2	1.757	0.702	2.502	0.033
Distance (1 = within 1 m; 2 = from 1 to 10 m; 3 = more than 10 m)
2 versus 1	− 2.453	0.503	− 4.872	< 0.001
3 versus 1	− 2.736	0.602	− 4.550	< 0.001
3 versus 2	− 0.284	0.557	− 0.510	0.865

^aNot shown as not having a meaningful interpretation.

^bEstimate ± SE refer to the difference of the response between the reported level of this categorical predictor and the reference category of the same predictor.

^cThese predictors were dummy coded. For both trigger and potential responder: M = male, F = female; Breed: 1 = Piedmont Black; 2 = Parma Black; 3 = Large White. Kinship: 1 = weak kinship; 2 = half-siblings; 3 = full-siblings; Distance: 1 = within 1 m; 2 = from 1 to 10 m; 3 = more than 10 m.