TABLE 2.

Sociodemographic differences in changes in altruistic behavior between 2016 and 2017.^a

	Formal volunteering					Formal monetary donation					Blood and organ donation					Informal helping
	2016		2017		p	2016		2017		p	2016		2017		p	2016		2017		p
	M	SD	M	SD		M	SD	M	SD		M	SD	M	SD		M	SD	M	SD
Sex
Female	0.79	0.80	0.75	0.816	0.136	0.88	0.33	0.89	0.319	0.686	0.62	0.75	0.67	0.765	0.093	3.16	1.2	3.05	1.22	0.051
Male	0.64	0.77	0.60	0.77	0.362	0.82	0.38	0.78	0.416	0.088	0.70	0.72	0.73	0.72	0.251	2.86	1.25	2.75	1.23	0.115
Age
15–34	1.13	0.58	0.90	0.82	<0.001	0.85	0.36	0.81	0.39	0.660	0.74	0.73	0.79	0.75	0.021	3.11	1.11	2.94	1.09	<0.001
35–54	1.13	0.55	0.70	0.81	<0.001	0.91	0.29	0.89	0.31	0.016	0.88	0.77	1.00	0.77	0.512	3.24	1.18	3.05	1.17	<0.001
55–64	1.04	0.54	0.70	0.81	0.003	0.82	0.38	0.87	0.34	0.562	0.68	0.72	0.83	0.72	0.109	2.86	1.29	2.84	1.31	0.741
≥65	0.96	0.52	0.53	0.71	0.184	0.82	0.39	0.79	0.41	0.495	0.46	0.63	0.41	0.59	<0.001	2.73	1.34	2.78	1.42	0.134
Religious belief
No religion	1.14	0.55	0.71	0.81	<0.001	0.85	0.35	0.82	0.38	0.810	0.73	0.74	0.82	0.76	0.001	3.00	1.18	2.89	1.17	0.046
Christian or Catholic	1.05	0.59	0.93	0.81	0.003	0.89	0.31	0.89	0.31	0.046	0.93	0.78	0.99	0.75	0.101	3.28	1.17	3.13	1.16	0.006
Buddhism	1.05	0.59	0.80	0.79	<0.001	0.87	0.33	0.94	0.25	0.519	0.61	0.68	0.66	0.71	0.029	3.33	1.18	3.00	1.25	0.002
Others	1.05	0.61	1.07	0.86	0.397	0.87	0.33	0.86	0.36	0.361	0.59	0.72	0.71	0.71	0.140	3.21	1.14	3.18	1.31	0.078
Educational level
≥Post-secondary	1.13	0.60	0.85	0.82	<0.001	0.89	0.31	0.86	0.35	0.007	0.92	0.75	0.99	0.75	0.008	3.19	1.14	2.99	1.16	<0.001
Secondary	1.11	0.52	0.71	0.81	<0.001	0.84	0.36	0.84	0.37	0.544	0.62	0.72	0.69	0.73	<0.001	3.07	1.20	2.94	1.17	0.052
≤Primary or below	0.96	0.50	0.37	0.67	0.046	0.80	0.40	0.73	0.45	0.376	0.34	0.60	0.31	0.53	<0.001	2.61	1.34	2.63	1.36	0.215
Household income
≤$12,999	1.03	0.50	0.54	0.74	0.010	0.78	0.41	0.77	0.43	0.430	0.48	0.68	0.49	0.70	<0.001	2.87	1.31	2.68	1.35	0.819
13,000–$24,999	1.12	0.53	0.77	0.80	<0.001	0.84	0.37	0.79	0.41	0.890	0.59	0.68	0.70	0.74	0.001	3.07	1.19	2.90	1.16	0.600
25,000–$79,999	1.13	0.58	0.77	0.81	<0.001	0.88	0.32	0.86	0.35	0.486	0.88	0.76	0.89	0.75	0.031	3.17	1.14	2.99	1.17	<0.001
≥$80,000	1.11	0.58	0.88	0.84	<0.001	0.93	0.25	0.91	0.29	0.012	0.97	0.77	1.03	0.76	0.436	3.26	1.17	3.04	1.09	0.162

M, mean; SD, standard deviation. Score ranges: formal volunteering (0–2), formal monetary nation (0–1), blood and organ donation (0–2), informal helping (0–5). ^aAltruistic behaviors are four dimensions based on previously validated A-Index.