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. 2021 Jan 7;7:598340. doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.598340

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Overview of the effects of artificial sweeteners on physiological processes involved in glucose homeostasis. Artificial sweeteners may enhance intestinal glucose absorption by upregulating SGLT1 and GLUT2. Furthermore, artificial sweeteners affect insulin secretory capacity by interacting with GPCR. Moreover, the artificial sweetener-induced gut microbiota dysbiosis, in turn, may affect insulin secretion via the enhancement of SCFA. Upon dysbiosis, LPS levels may increase, and endotoxemia and chronic inflammation occurs, which might affect ectopic fat accumulation and insulin resistance. Dashed lines indicate that the effect is dependent on type of artificial sweetener. SGLT1, sodium glucose transporter 1; GLUT2, glucose transporter 2; GPCR, G-protein coupled receptor; T1R2, taste receptor type 1 member 2; T1R3, taste receptor type 1 member 3; SCFA, short chain fatty acids; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; TLR4, toll-like receptor 4; CD14, cluster of differentiation antigen 14.