Table 2. Survey-based studies from China and India on the psychological effects of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (as of 16.04.2020).
| Country | Participants; female (%); age (M ± SD) [alternative data] |
Subgroups | Anxiety and worry | Depression | Posttraumatic stress | Sleep | Stress/other outcomes | |
| General population | ||||||||
| Cao et al. (2020) (e16) |
China | 7143; 4975 (69.65%); n. a. |
n. a. | GAD-7 | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. |
| Liu et al. (2020) (e7) |
China | 285; 155 (54.4%); n. a. [47.7% <35 years] |
n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | PCL-5 (higher than norm*1) | n. a. | n. a. |
| Qiu et al. (2020) (e4) |
China. Hong Kong. Macao. Taiwan | 52 730; 34 131 (64.73%); n. a. |
n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | CPDI |
| Roy et al. (2020) (e17) |
India | 662; 339 (51.2%); 29.09 ± 8.83 |
n. a. | SD | n. a. | n. a. | SD | n. a. |
| Wang C et al. (2020) (16) |
China | 1210; 814 (67.3%); n. a. [53.1% 21.4–30.8 years] |
n. a. | DASS-21 subscale on anxiety |
DASS-21 subscale on depression |
IES-R | n. a. | DASS-21 subscale on stress |
| Wang Y et al. (2020) (e18) |
China | 600; 333 (55.5%); 34 ± 12 |
n. a. | SAS | SDS | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. |
| Zhang Y et al. (2020) (e19) |
China | 263; 157 (60%); 37.7± 14.0 |
n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | IES | n. a. | n. a. |
| Healthcare workers | ||||||||
| Cai et al. (2020) (e1) |
China | 534; 367 (68.7%); 36.4 ± 16.18 years |
P (n = 233). NS (n = 248) |
SD | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. |
| Huang JZ et. al. (2020) (e9) |
China | 230; 187 (81.30%); n. a. [53% 30–39 years] |
P (n = 70). NS (n = 160) |
SAS | n. a. | PTSD-SS | n. a. | n. a. |
| Kang et al. (2020) (e20) |
China | 994; 850 (85.5%); n. a. [63.4% ca. 30–40 years] |
P (n = 183). NS (n = 811) |
GAD-7 | PHQ-9 | IES-R | ISI | n. a. |
| Lai et al. (2020) (6) |
China | 1257; 964 (76.7%); n. a. [64.7% 26–40 years] |
P (n = 493). NS (n = 764) |
GAD-7 | PHQ-9 | IES-R | ISI | n. a. |
| Mo et al. (2020) (e2) |
China | 180; 162 (90%); 129 (71.7%); 32.71 ± 6.52 |
n. a. | SAS (higher than norm*2) |
n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | SOS |
| Xiao et al. (2020) (e3) |
China | 180; 129 (71.7%); 32.31±4.88 |
P (n = 82). NS (n = 98) |
SAS (higher than norm*3) |
n. a. | n. a. | PSQI | SASR; GSES; SSRS |
| Mixed groups | ||||||||
| Huang Y et al. (2020) (e6) |
China | 7236; 3952 (54.6%); 35.3 ± 5.6 |
HW (n = 2250) | GAD-7 (higher than norm*4) |
CES-D (higher than norm*5) |
n. a. | PSQI | n. a. |
| Li et al. (2020) (e8) |
China | 740; 128 (59.81%); 25 [IQR: 22–38.3] |
GP (n = 214). NS (n = 526) |
n. a. | n. a. | VTQ | n. a. | n. a. |
| Lu et al. (2020) (e21) |
China | 2299; 1785 (77.6%); n. a. [78% <40 years] |
HW (n = 2042). AS (n = 257) |
HAMA. NRS on fear |
HAMD | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. |
| Yuan et al. (2020) (e22) |
China | 939; 582 (61.98%); n. a. [71.5% 18–39 years] |
HW (n = 249). S (n = 312) |
n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. |
| Zhang W et al. (2020) (e23) |
China | 2182; 1401 (64.2%); n. a. [96.3% 18–60 years] |
HW (n = 927). GP (n = 1255) |
GAD-2 | PHQ-2 | n. a. | ISI | SCL-90-R |
*1 Prevalence: 7 versus 3.7%
*2 M ± SD: 32.19 ± 7.56 versus 29.78 ± 0.46; t = 4.27; p <0.001
*3 M ± SD: 8.583 ± 4.567 versus 7 (SD n. a.)
*4 Prevalence: 35.1 versus 5.0%; *5 prevalence: 20.3 versus 3.6%
IQR. interquartile range. M. mean value; n. a.. not available; t. value of the t-test for independent samples; SD. standard deviation
Subgroups: GP. general population; P. physicians; HW. healthcare workers; NS. nursing staff; S. students; AS. administrative staff
Measurement tools: CES-D. Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale to measure depressive symptoms; CPDI. COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index; DASS-21. Depression. Anxiety and Stress Scale; GAD-2. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-2 to measure symptoms of anxiety; GAD-7. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 to measure symptoms of anxiety; GSES. General Self-Efficacy Scale to measure self-efficacy; HAMA. Hamilton Anxiety Scale to measure symptoms of anxiety; HAMD. Hamilton Depression Scale to measure depressive symptoms; IES. Impact of Event Scale to measure posttraumatic stress symptoms; IES-R. Impact of Event Scale—Revised to measure posttraumatic stress symptoms; ISI. Insomnia Severity Index to measure sleep disorders; NRS. Numeric Rating Scale; PCL-5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 for posttraumatic stress symptoms; PHQ-2. Personal Health Questionnaire-2 to measure depressive symptoms; PHQ-9. Personal Health Questionnaire-9 to measure depressive symptoms; PSQI. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to measure sleep quality; PTSD-SS. PTSD Self-rating Scale to measure posttraumatic stress symptoms; SAS. Self-Rating Anxiety Scale to measure anxiety symptoms; SASR. Stanford Acute Stress Reaction questionnaire to measure stress reactions; SCL-90-R. symptom checklist 90—Revised to measure psychological distress; SDS. Self-Rating Depression Scale; SD. self-developed questionnaire; SOS. Stress Overload Scale to measure stress; SSRS. Social Support Rate Scale to assess social support; VTQ:. Vicarious Traumatization Questionnaire to assess secondary traumatization. based. e.g.. on the TSIB (Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale). VTS (Vicarious Trauma Scale). and IES