Table 3. Risk factors and protective factors for psychomorbidity in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
| Demographic variables | Occupational and workplace-related variables |
Personal variables |
Pandemic-specific variables | Information-/ communicationrelated variables | Disease-related variables | |
| Risk factors | ||||||
| Anxiety | Students (16); female sex (6, 18, e23); age >40 (e18); healthcare profession (e21, e23); married (e23) | Concern about academic disadvantages (e16); working in a secondary care hospital* (6); intermediate professional status (6); direct patient contact (6); high-risk contact (e21) | No confidence in their doctor's ability to diagnose/recognize COVID-19 (16) | Infection of loved ones (e16); concerns about economic effects (e16); concerns about children (16); risk of contact with COVID-19 patients (e23) | n. a. | Physician visits (16); hospital stays (16); poor self-rated health status (16); chronic diseases (16); organic diseases (e23) |
| Depression | Low educational level (16); age <35 (e6); nursing profession (6); female sex (6); healthcare profession (e23); rural areas (e23) | Working in a secondary care hospital* (6); intermediate professional status (6); direct patient contact (6); high-risk contact (e21) | No confidence in their doctor's ability to diagnose/recognize COVID-19 (16); living with family (e23) | Healthcare profession. >3 h/day thinking about COVID-19 (e6) | Dissatisfaction with amount of health information (16) | Poor self-rated health status (16); chronic diseases (16); organic diseases (e23) |
| PTSS | Female sex (e7) | n. a. | Poor sleep quality (e7); sleep latency (e7) | Concerns about children (16); contact with people with suspected COVID-19 (16); general population/nursing staff not in direct contact with COVID-19 (e8) | Dissatisfaction with amount of health information (16) | High-risk population for COVID-19 (e7); respiratory symptoms (16); chronic diseases (16) |
| Sleep disorders | Healthcare profession (e6, e23); rural areas (e23) | Direct patient contact (6) | Living with family (e23) | Healthcare profession + >3 h/day thinking about COVID-19 (e23) | n. a. | Organic diseases (e23) |
| Psychological distress in general | Female sex (e4); participants from Hubei (e4) | Migrant workers (e4) | n. a. | Exposure to COVID-19 (e20) | n. a. | n. a. |
| Stress | Students (16); female sex (6) | Intermediate professional status (6); direct patient contact (6); workload (e9); high professional qualification (e9); severity of patient condition (e9) | No confidence in their doctor's ability to diagnose/recognize COVID-19 (16); poor sleep quality (e2) | Concerns about the family (16, e1) | Dissatisfaction with amount of health information (16) | Poor self-rated health status (16); chronic diseases (16) |
| Protective factors | ||||||
| Factors for fear | Large city (e16); male sex (e9); medical profession (e9) | Social support (e3, e16) | Low professional status (e9) | Stable income (e16); living with parents (e16); precautionary/hygiene measures (16) | Low perceived risk of infection (16) | n. a. |
| Depression | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | Precautionary/hygiene measures (16) | n. a. | Information on rise in recovery numbers (16) |
| PTSS | Not currently/previously in Wuhan (e7); male sex (16, e9) | n. a. | n. a. | Precautionary/hygiene measures (16); resting (e19) | n. a. | n. a. |
| Sleep disorders | n. a. | Self-efficacy (e3) | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. |
| Psychological distress in general | Age <18 (e4) | n. a. | n. a. | n. a. | Use of psychoeducational materials (e20) | n. a. |
| Stress | Working outside Hubei (6); siblings (e2) | Social support (e3) | n. a. | Precautionary/hygiene measures (16) | Low perceived risk of infection (16) | Information on rise in recovery numbers (16) |
*Medium-sized hospital providing interregional care; n. a.: not available; PTSS. posttraumatic stress symptoms