Table 4. Comparisons of the items to measure psychomorbidity. resilience. and anxiety over the survey period. as well as comparisons of the items with values before the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
| COSMO survey | COSMO | Norm | |||||||
| 24.03.2020 | 31.03.2020 | 21.04.2020 | |||||||
| N | 1114 | 1030 | 1012 | 3156 | *1 | ||||
| M (SD) |
M (SD) |
M (SD) |
p | η2 | M (SD) |
M (SD) |
p | d | |
| GAD-7: Item 1 (“anxious”) |
0.77 (0.94) |
0.75 (0.91) |
0.60 (0.83) |
<0.001 | 0,007 | 0.71 (0.90) |
0.50 (0.64) |
<0.001 | 0,27 |
| ADS: Item 6 (“depressed”) |
0.68 (0.89) |
0.68 (0.89) |
0.63 (0.85) |
0,29 | <0.001 | 0.66 (0.88) |
0.43 (0.70) |
<0.001 | 0,28 |
| ADS: Item 14 (“lonely”) |
0.55 (0.90) |
0.64 (0.93) |
0.59 (0.89) |
0,08 | 0,002 | 0.59 (0.90) |
0.46 (0.75) |
<0.001 | 0,15 |
| ADS: Item 8 (“hopeful”)*2 |
1.63 (1.06) |
1.65 (1.07) |
1.65 (1.08) |
0,89 | <0.001 | 1.64 (1.07) |
1.47 (0.97) |
<0.001 | 0,16 |
| IES-R: Item 19 (“physical symptoms of anxiety”) |
0.32 (0.71) |
0.25 (0.60) |
0.19 (0.55) |
<0.001 | 0,007 | ||||
| Psychological distress Overall |
0.79 (0.60) |
0.79 (0.57) |
0.73 (0.55) |
0,028 | 0,002 | ||||
| Resilience (BRS) | 3.47 (0.84) |
3.41 (0.85) |
3.47 (0.49) |
0,258 | 0,002 | 3.45 (0.85) |
3.49 (0.84) |
0,073 | 0,05 |
| Fear of COVID-19 | 4.08 (0.98) |
4.14 (0.94) |
3.76 (0.88) |
<0.001 | 0,03 | ||||
Since there were no significant differences with regard to the ADS items and resilience between the three time points. the groups were pooled to create an overall value for comparison with the norm values (norm values: GAD-7 [11]. ADS [11]. BRS [14]). Norm values are not available for the IES-R items.
The GAD-7 item. ADS items. and IES-R item were each assessed with a four-level scale. resilience with a five-level scale. and fear of COVID-19 with a seven-level scale.
*1 Size of norm samples: GAD-7 = 5030; ADS = 1156; BRS = 2609. *2Higher values here indicate a less hopeful look ahead to the future. ADS. German General Depression Scale (Allgemeine Depressionsskala); BRS. Brief Resilience Scale; COSMO. COVID-19 Snapshot Monitoring study; d. Cohen’s d; GAD-7. Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7; IES-R. Impact of Event Scale—Revised Version; M. mean value; Norm. values in norm samples; η2. effect size of the ANOVA; p. statistical probability of group parity; SD. standard deviation