eTable 3. Quality assessment of the included studies.
Study | 1. Clear research question | 2. Clearly defined sample? | 3. Participation rate >50%? | 4. Participants from the same or similar population? Prespecified inclusion criteria? | 5. Rationale for sample size. description of the power or variance/effect estimators? | 8. Clear definition of exposure (independent variable)? | 9. Consistency of exposure across all participants? | 11. Clearly defined. valid. reliable. and consistently used outcome measure across all participants? | Quality assessment | Comments |
General population | ||||||||||
Cao et al. (e16) |
Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | n. r. | Y | ++ | (b). (c) |
Liu et al. (e7) |
Y | N | n. a. | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | + | (a). (e) |
Qiu et al. (e4) |
Y | Y | n. a. | n. r. | N | Y | Y | N | + | (a). (d) |
Roy et al. (e17) |
Y | N | n. a. | Y | N | Y | Y | N | + | (a). (d) |
Wang C et al. (16) |
Y | Y | n. a. | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | ++ | (a) |
Wang. Y et al. (e18) |
Y | Y | n. a. | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | ++ | (a). (e) |
Zhang Y et al. (e19) |
Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | ++ | (a) |
Healthcare workers | ||||||||||
Cai et al. (e1) |
Y | Y | n. r. | n. r. | N | Y | n. r. | N | + | (a). (b). (d) |
Huang JZ et al. (e9) |
Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | +++ | |
Kang et al. (e20) |
Y | Y | n. r. | n. r. | N | Y | Y | Y | + | (a). (f) |
Lai et al. (6) |
Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | Y | +++ | |
Mo et al. (e2) |
Y | Y | Y | n. r. | N | Y | n. r. | Y | + | (a). (b) |
Xiao et al. (e3) |
Y | Y | Y | n. r. | N | Y | n. r. | Y | + | (b). (c) |
Mixed groups | ||||||||||
Huang Y et al. (e6) |
Y | Y | n. a. | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | ++ | (a) |
Li et al. (e8) |
Y | N | n .a. | Y | N | Y | Y | N | + | (c). (e) |
Lu et al. (e21) |
Y | Y | Y | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | +++ | |
Yuan et al. (e22) |
Y | N | n. r. | n. r. | N | Y | Y | N | + | (b). (c). (e) |
Zhang W et al. (e23) |
Y | Y | n. a. | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | ++ | (a). (c) |
+: Poor; ++: fair; +++: good; Y. yes; N. no; n. a.. not applicable; n. r.. not reported
(a) Selection bias/possible selection bias due to insufficient description of data collection
(b) No/insufficient details on the survey period
(c) No data on cut-off values and/or scale span to measure outcome(s)
(d) No validated method of measuring outcome(s)
(e) Insufficient description of the sample
(f) Insufficient reasoning given for the summary of outcomes