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. 2020 Sep 18;117(38):625–632. doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2020.0625

eTable 4. Statistical information on risk factors and protective factors.

Moderating factors
Significant Non-significant
General Population
Cao et al. (2020) (e16) For anxiety:
(+) infection in loved ones (logistic regression; OR = 3.007; 95%-CI = 2.377 - 3.804; p<0.001)
(+) concerns about economic impact of the epidemic (correlation analysis; r= 0.327; p < 0.001);
(+) concerns about academic delays (correlation analysis; r = 0.315; p < 0.001);
(+) influence of the epidemic on daily life (correlation analysis; r = 0.316; p < 0.001);
(–) stability of family income (logistic regression; OR = 0.726; 95% CI = 0.645 - 0.817; p < 0.001);
(–) living in a large city (logistic regression; OR = 0.810; 95% CI = 0.709 - 0.925; p=0.002);
(–) living with parents (logistic regression; OR = 0.752; 95% CI = 0.596 - 0.950; p=0.017);
(–) social support (correlation analysis; r = –0.151; p < 0.001)		 For anxiety:
(0) region (Hubei/ north/south; univariate analysis; Kruskal-Wallis test: H=0.292; p= 0.864)
(0) sex (univariate analysis; M comparison (Mann-Whitney U test): U=–0.805; p=0.421);
(0) rural-urban residence (logistic regression: OR = 0.928; 95%-CI 0.803- 1.073; p= 0.310)
Liu et al. (2020) (e7) For posttraumatic stress symptoms:
(+) female sex (f vs. m; hierarchical regression, step 2: β = 0.192; p< 0.001);
(–) male sex (f. criterion B symptoms; m vs. w; Mann-Whitney U-test: U= –4.209; p<0.001);
(–) male sex (f. Criterion D symptoms; m vs. w; Mann-Whitney U-test: U=–1.994; p<0.05);
(–) male sex (f. Criterion E symptoms; m vs. w; Mann-Whitney U-test: U=–2.273; p<0.05)
(–) no current stay in Wuhan (t-test: t= –2.210 p=0.028);
(–) no previous stay in Wuhan (t-test: t= –2.077 p=0.039);
(+) risk groups (general population/ HCW/near contact/ confirmed or suspected COVID-19 cases; hierarchical regression: β =0.153; P < 0.01);
(+) poor subjective sleep quality (hierarchical regression; β= 0.312; p < 0.001);
(+) sleep latency (hierarchical regression: β = 0.172; p < 0,01);		 For posttraumatic stress symptoms:
(0) age (t-test: F/t =–0,924; p=0,356);
(0) education level (t-test: F/t= 1.553; p=0.213)
(0) sex (f. Criterion C symptoms; m vs. w; Mann-Whitney U test: U= –1.488; =0.112)
Qiu et al. (2020) (e4) For PCDI:
(+) female sex (vs. male; Whitney-Mann test (M ±SD comparison): 24.87± 15.03 vs. 21.41±15.97; p<0.001);
(–) age < 18 (m ±sd: 14.83±13.41 vs. 18-30 years 27.76±15.69 vs. >60 years 27.49±24.22);
(0) education (n/a);
(+) Migrant workers (PCDI-M±SD=31.89±23.51; F=1602.501; p<0.001);
(+) participants from Hubei (PCDI-M ±SD: 30.94 (19.22), F=929.306; p<0.001);
(0) Availability of local medical resources(NR);
(0) Efficiency of the regional public health system (NR);
(0) Prevention and control measures (NR)		 NR
Roy et al. (2020) (e17) NR NR
Wang, C. et al. (2020) (16) For posttraumatic stress symptoms:
-regarding IES-R:
(–) male sex (logistic regression: β =–0.20;
95%-CI –0.35 - –0.05; p<0.05);
(+) students (logistic regression: β =0.20;
95%-CI 0.05-0.35; p<0.05);
(–) highest education level: primary school (vs. doctorate; logistic; logistic regression: β =–1.07; 95%-CI –2.09- –0.06; p<0.05)
(+) respiratory symptoms (e.g. rhinitis; logistic regression: β = 0.39; 0.20-0.58; p<0.001)
(+) chronic diseases (logistic regression: β =0.29; 95%-CI 0.01-0.58; p<0.05);
(+) discontent with the information available on COVID-19 (logistic regression: β =0.63; 95%-CI: 0.11-1.14; p<0.05);
(+) concerns about children (logistic regression: β =0.25; 95%-CI 0.05-0.44; p<0.05);
(–) hygiene behavior (e.g. washing hands after coughing; β = –0.47; 95%-CI: –0.77- –0.17; p<0.05);
(–) feeling that too many unnecessary worries about COVID-19 are being worried about (always vs. never; logistic regression: β =–0.47; 95%-CI –0.69-0.25; p>0.05);
(+) need for information on COVID-19 (e.g. recommendations for prevention; β =0.52; 95%-CI 0.23-0.81; p<0.001);































































for stress:
-regarding DASS-21 stress subscale:
(+) male sex (logistic regression: β = 0.10; 95%-CI: 0.02-0.19);
(+) students (logistic regression: β = 0.11; 95%-CI: 0.02-0.19);
(+) respiratory symptoms;
(+) reduced perceived health (logistic regression: β = 0.45; 95%-CI: 0.02-0.88; p<0.05);
(+) chronic diseases (logistic regression: β = 0.24; 95%-CI 0.07-0.41; p<0.01);
(+) discontent with information on COVID-19 (logistic regression: β = 0.32; 95%-CI: 0.02-0.62; p<0.05)
(-) Information on the increase in the number of people cured (logistic regression: β=–0.24; 95%-CI: –0.40-0.07; p<0.01)
(+) no confidence in the doctor (logistic regression: β =1.18; 95%-CI 0.61-1.75; p<0.001);
(–) low perceived risk of infection (logistic regression: β = –0.18; 95%-CI: –0.35- –0.01; p<0.05)
(+) high perceived risk of death in case of infection (probable/very probable; logistic regression: β (95%-CI) =0.18 (0.02-0.34)/0.34 (0.01-0.68); p<0.05);
(+) worries about family (logistic regression: β =0.50; 95%-CI 0.04- 0.96);
(–) hygiene behavior (e.g. washing hands after coughing; logistic regression: β =–0.31; 95%-CI –0.49 - –0.13; p<0.05),




































































for anxiety:
(+) male sex (logistic regression: β = 0.19; 95%-CI: 0.05-0.33);
(+) students (logistic regression: β = 0.16; 95%-CI: 0.02-0.30)
(+) respiratory symptoms (e.g. rhinitis symptoms; logistic regression: β =0.46; 95%-CI 0.28-0.63; p<0.001);
(+) visits to a doctor (in a hospital in the last 14d; logistic regression: β =0.38; 95%-CI: 0.02- 0.73);
(+) hospital stays (in a hospital in the last 14d; logistic regression: β = 1.23; 95%-CI: 0.09-2.36)
(+) reduced perceived health (logistic regression: β =0.90; 95%-CI:0.2-1.58)
(+) chronic diseases (logistic regression: β =0.48; 95%-CI 0.22-0.75; p<0.001)
(+) contact to person with mainly COVID-19 or infected materials (logistic regression: β=0.98; 95%-CI: 0.32-1.64; p<0.01);
(+) Information source radio (logistic regression: β =2.67; 95%-CI 0.22-5.11; p<0.05); (+) no confidence in the doctor (logistic regression: β=1.86; 95%-CI 0.96-2.76; p<0.001);
(–) low perceived risk of infection (logistic regression: β=–0.36; 95%-CI –0.63-–0.09; p<0.05)
(+) worries about children (logistic regression: β=0.24; 95%-CI 0.07- 0.42; p<0.01);
(–) hygiene behaviour (e.g. washing hands after coughing; logistic regression: β =–0.63; 95%-CI –0.91- –0.35; p<0.001);
(–) need for regular updates on the current situation regarding COVID-19 (logistic regression: β =–0.62; 95%-CI –1.00-–0.24; p<0.01);
(–) need for information on the availability and effectiveness of drugs and vaccinations against COVID-19 (logistic regression: β =–0.63; 95%-CI –0.99-–0.26; p<0.01);
(–) need for up-to-date information on the number of infected persons and their stay (logistic regression: β =–0.30; 95%-CI –0.57-–0.02; p<0.01);
(–) need for updates on transmission routes of COVID-19 (logistic regression: β =–0.39; 95%-CI –0.77-–0.02); p<0.05)















































for depressive symptoms:
(+) male sex (logistic regression: β = 0.12; 95%-CI 0.01-0.23);
(+) low education level (no degree vs. doctorate; logistic regression: β = 1.81; 95%-CI: 0.46-3.16; p<0.001);
(+) respiratory symptoms (e.g. persistent fever: β = 0.98; 95%-CI 0.23-1.72; p<0.05)
(+) reduced perceived health (poor or very poor/ average vs. good or very good; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.65 (0.10-1.20); p<0.05/ 0.26 (0.15-0.38); p<0.001);
(+) chronic diseases (logistic regression: β =0.38; 0.17-0.59; p<0.001)
(+) close contact with confirmed COVID-19 patient (logistic regression: β =0.97; 95%-CI 0.06-1.88; p>0.05);
(+) close contact with person with mainly COVID-19 or infected materials (logistic regression: β =0.81; 95%-CI 0.29-1.34; p<0.01)
(+) discontent with information about COVID-19 (logistic regression: β = 0.43; 95%-CI 0.04-0.81; p<0.05); (-) information about increase in number of cured patients (logistic regression: β =-0.24; 95%-CI -0.45 --0.03; p<0.05);
(+) information source radio (logistic regression: β = 2.67; 95%-CI 0.70-4.63; p<0.01);
(+) no confidence in the doctor (logistic regression: β = 1.66; 95%-CI 0.94-2.38; p<0.001);
(+) high perceived risk of death (vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β = 0.49; 95%-CI 0.07-0.92; p>0.05);
(-) hygiene behavior (e.g. avoidance of sharing chopsticks; logistic regression: β =-0.31; 95%-CI -0.46--0.15; p<0.001);
(+) feeling that too many unnecessary worries are being made about COVID-19 (mostly vs. never; logistic regression: β =0.20; 95%-CI 0.003-0.39; p<0.05);
(-) need for information on availability and effectiveness of drugs and vaccinations against COVID-19 (logistic regression: β =-0.35; 95%-CI -0.65--0.06; p>0.05); 		For posttraumatic stress symptoms:
-regarding IES-R:
(0) age (12-21.4/ 21.4-30.8/30.8-40.2/40.2-49.6 vs. 49.6-59 years; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.21 (–0.20 -0.62)/ 0.09 (–0.31-0.50)/ -0.17 (–0.64-0.29)/ –0.16 (–0.63- 0.30); p>0.05);
(0) parenthood (child <17/ >17 years vs. no child; logistic regression: β (95%-CI) =0.04(–0.16-0.25)/ –0.06(–0.22-0.10); p>0.05);
(0) marital status (single/ married/ divorced or separated vs. widowed; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.04 (–1.46-1.38)/ 0.09(–1.33-1.50)/ 0.11 (–1.52-1.74); p=0.05);
(0) household size (>5/ 3-5/ 2 vs. 1 person; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.38 (–0.39-1.14)/ 0.25 (–0.49-0.99)/ 0.41 (–0.40-1.22); p>0.05);
(0) employment (unemployed/farmers/retired vs. employed; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.13 (–0.19-0.45)/ –0.08 (–0.59-0.43)/ –0.76 (–1.69-0.17); p>0.05);
(0) highest education level (none / lower secondary school/ upper secondary school/ bachelor/master vs. doctorate; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.07 (-1.88-1.74)/ 0.21 (–0.42-0.84)/ 0.01 (–0.59-0.61)/ 0.19 (–0.35-0.73)/ 0.14 (–0.42-0.69); p>0.05);
(0) persistent fever (>38°C≥1d; logistic regression: β =–0.23; 95%-CI –1.23-0.78; p>0.05);
(0) respiratory symptoms (logistic regression: β =0.88; –0.22-1.97; p>0.05);
(0) fever + cough or breathing problems (logistic regression: β =–0.23; 95%-CI –1.45-1.00; p>0.05);
(0) visit to a hospital during the last 14d (logistic regression: β =–0.06 95%-CI –0.44-0.32; p>0.05)
(0) hospitalization in the last 14d (logistic regression: β =0.78; –0.45-2.00; p>0.05);
(0) SARS-CoV-2 test in the last 14d (logistic regression: β =–0.18; 95%-CI –0.92-0.56; p>0.05)
(0) quarantine in the last 14d (logistic regression: β =0.32; 95%-CI –0.16-0.81; p>0.05);
(0) health insurance coverage (logistic regression: β =0.09; 95%-CI –0.18-0.36; p>0.05);
(0) close contact with confirmed COVID-19 patient (logistic regression: β =0.53; 95%-CI –0.70-1.75; p>0.05)
(0) indirect contact with confirmed COVID-19 patient (logistic regression: β =–0.06; 95%-CI –1.06-0.94)
(0) contact with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infected or infected materials (logistic regression: β =0.36; 95%-CI –0.35-1.07; p>0.05);
(0) knowledge about COVID-19 (e.g. on transmission path; logistic regression: β = 0.21; 95%-CI –0.07-0.49; p>0.05);
(0) source of information (internet/ television/ radio/ family vs. others; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.46(–1.46-0.54)/ –0.22 (–1.26-0.83)/ 0.83 (–1.81-3.47)/ –0.47 (–1.73-0.80); p>0.05);
(0) satisfaction with the information situation on COVID-19 (very satisfied vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β =0.02; 95%-CI –0.34-0.37; p>0.05);
(0) trust in the doctor (very satisfied/ somewhat satisfied/ not very satisfied/ not at all satisfied vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.2 (–0.66-0.27)/ 0.19 (–0.28-0.66)/ 0.19 (–0.39-0.76)/ 0.66 (–0.31-1.63); p>0.05);
(0) low perceived risk of infection (logistic regression: β =–0.23; 95%-CI (–0.52-0.06); p>0.05)
(0) perceived risk of death in case of infection (not at all probable/ not very probable/ somewhat probable/ very probable vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=-0.19 (–0.41-0.03)/ 0.12 (–0.07-0.31)/ 0.23 (–0.04-0.50)/ 0.42 (–0.15-0.99); p>0.05);
(0) worries about family (very worried/ somewhat worried/ not very worried/ not worried at all vs. no families; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.75 (–0.03-1.53)/ 0.67 (–0.10-1.45)/ 0.44 (–0.34-1.23)/ 0.19 (–0.64-1.01); p>0.05);
(0) no worries about children (logistic regression: β =–0.02; 95%-CI –0.30-0.26; p>0.05);
(0) covering mouth when coughing and sneezing (always vs. never; logistic regression: β =0.02; 95%-CI –0.34-0.37; p>0.05);
(0) washing hands with soap and water (always/ most/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.42 (–0.85-0.01)/ –0.12 (–0.56-0.33)/ 0.07 (–0.40-0.54)/ 0.13 (–0.35-0.62); p>0.05);
(0) mask wearing independently of symptoms (always/mostly/ sometimes vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.19 (–0.59-0.21)/ 0.12 (–0.30-0.53)/ 0.16 (–0.29-0.61); p>0.05);
(0) washing hands after touching contaminated objects (always/ most/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI) =–0.11 (–0.69-0.47)/ 0.19 (–0.40-0.78)/ 0.40 (–0.25-1.04)/ 0.31 (–0.39-1.00); p>0.05);
(0) feeling that too many unnecessary worries about COVID-19 are being made (sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.19 (–0.44-0.07)/ -0.03 (–0.21-0.16)/ 0.13 (–0.09-0.34); p>0.05)
(0) time spent at home to avoid COVID-19 (0-9/ 10-19 vs. 20-24; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.15 (–0.55-0.25)/ 0.11 (–0.10-0.33); p>0.05);
(0) need for regular updates on the current situation regarding COVID-19 (logistic regression: β =–0.11; 95%-CI -0.35-0.13);
(0) need for up-to-date information on local COVID 19 outbreaks (logistic regression: β =0.06; 95%-CI –0.21-0.33; p>0.05);
(0) need for recommendations for special groups, e.g. pre-existing conditions (logistic regression: β =0.19; 95%-CI –0.21-0.59; p>0.05);
(0) need for information on the availability and effectiveness of drugs Vaccinations for COVID-19 (logistic regression: β =0.16>; 95%-CI –0.40-0.07; p>0.05)
(0) need for up-to-date information on the number of infected persons and their stay (logistic regression: β =–0.09; 95%-CI –0.27-0.08; p>0.05);
(0) need for travel recommendations (logistic regression: β =0.07; 95%-CI –0.29-0.42; p>0.05);
(0) need for updates on transmission paths (logistic regression: β =0.15; 95%-CI –0.25-0.55; p>0.005);
(0) need for updates on the approach of other countries to the COVID 19 outbreak (logistic regression: β =0.25; 95%-CI –0.06-0.56; p>0.05)

for stress:
-regarding DASS-21 stress subscale:
(0) age (12-21.4/ 21.4-30.8/30.8-40.2/40.2-49.6 vs. 49.6-59 years; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.08 (–0.16-0.32)/ 0.12 (–0.12-0.36)/ –0.07 (–0.35-0.20)/ –0.12 (–0.39-0.16); p>0.05);
(0) parenthood (child <17/ >17 years vs. no child; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.02 (–0.14-0.10)/ –0.07 (–0.17-0.02); p>0.05);
(0) marital status (single/ married/ divorced or separated vs. widowed; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.02 (–0.81-0.86)/ 0.12 (–0.71-0.96)/ <0.001 (–0.96-0.96); p>0.05);
(0) household size (>5/ 3-5/ 2 vs. 1 person; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.23 (–0.68-0.22)/ –0.20 (–0.63-0.24)/ –0.33 (–0.81-0.15); p>0.05);
(0) employment (unemployed/farmers/retired vs. employed; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.12 (–0.07-0.31)/ 0.003 (–0.30-0.30)/ –0.37 (–0.92-0.18); p>0.05);
(0) highest educational level (none / primary school / lower secondary school / upper secondary school / bachelor / master vs. PhD; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.76 (–0.30-1.83)/ –0.11 (–0.71-0.49)/ 0.20 (–0.17-0.57)/ 0.16 (–0.20-0.51)/ 0.21 (–0.11-0.53); 0.18 (–0.15-0.51); p>0.05);
(0) persistent fever (>38°C≥1d; logistic regression: β=0.40; 95%-CI –0.19-0.99; p>0.05);
(0) headache (logistic regression: β=0.12; 95%-CI –0.02-0.26; p>0.05);
(0) breathing problems (logistic regression: β=0.57; 95%-CI –0.07-1.22; p>0.05);
(0) fever + cough or breathing problems (logistic regression: β=0.32; 95%-CI –0.40-1.04; p>0.05);
(0) visit to a hospital in the last 14d (logistic regression: β=0.17; 95%-CI –0.06-0.40; p>0.05);
(0) hospitalization in the last 14d (logistic regression: β=0.32; 95%-CI –0.40-1.04; p>0.05);
(0) SARS-CoV-2 test in the last 14d (logistic regression: β=–0.07; 95%-CI –0.51-0.37; p>0.05)
(0) quarantine in the last 14d (logistic regression: β=–0.01; 95%-CI –0.30-0.28 p>0.05);
(0) health insurance coverage (logistic regression: β=–0.003; 95%-CI –0.16-0.15; p>0.05);
(0) close contact with confirmed COVID-19 patient (logistic regression: β=0.32; 95%-CI –0.40-1.04; p>0.05)
(0) indirect contact with confirmed COVID-19 patients (logistic regression: β=–0.27; 95%-CI –0.86-0.32; p>0.05);
(0) contact with suspected SARS-CoV-2 infected or infected materials (logistic regression: β=0.41; 95%-CI –0.01-0.82; p>0.05);
(0) knowledge of COVID-19 (e.g. on transmission path; logistic regression: β=0.15; 95%-CI –0.01-0.32; p>0.05);
(0) source of information (Internet/ television/ radio/ family vs. others; logistic regression: β(95%-CI)= –0.25 (–0.83-0.34)/ –0.07 (–0.68-0.54)/ 1.33 (–0.22-2.89)/ –0.27 (–1.01-0.48); p>0.05);
(0) satisfaction with the information situation about COVID-19 (very satisfied vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β=–0.09; 95%-CI –0.30-0.13; p>0.05);
(0) trust in the doctor (very satisfied/ somewhat satisfied/ not very satisfied vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.05 (–0.23-0.32)/ 0.16 (–0.12-0.44)/ 0.18 (–0.16-0.52); p>0.05);
(0) high perceived risk of infection (logistic regression: β=0.05; 95%-CI –0.11-0.22; p>0.05);
(0) perceived risk of death in case of infection (not probable/ not very probable vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.02 (–0.15-0.11)/ 0.01 (–0.10-0.13); p>0.05);
(0) medium-low worries about family (somewhat worried/ not very worried/ not worried at all vs. no families; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.40 (–0.05-0.86)/ 0.43 (–0.04-0.89)/ 0.33 (–0.16-0.81); p>0.05);
(0) worries about children (very worried/ somewhat worried/ not very worried/ not worried at all vs. no children; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.05 (–0.07-0.16)/ 0.03 (–0.09-0.14)/ 0.04 (–0.10-0.18)/ 0.004 (–0.16-0.17); p>0.05);
(0) covering mouth when coughing and sneezing (always/mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.02 (–0.19-0.23)/ 0.09 (–0.13-0.31)/ 0.12 (–0.13-0.36); –0.03 (–0.29-0.23); p>0.05);
(0) washing hands with soap and water (sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.22 (–0.50-0.07)/ –0.17 (–0.46-0.12); p>0.05)
(0) washing hands directly after coughing, sneezing (mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.17 (–0.36-0.02)/ –0.12 (–0.32-0.07)/ –0.08 (–0.28-0.12); p>0.05);
(0) mask wearing independently of symptoms (always/mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.21 (–0.45-0.02)/ –0.09 (–0.34-0.16)/ –0.08 (–0.35-0.19)/ –0.04 (–0.33-0.24); p>0.05);
(0) washing hands after touching contaminated objects (always/ mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β=–0.21 (–0.56-0.13)/ –0.15 (–0.49-0.21)/ –0.01 (–0.39-0.38)/ –0.07 (–0.48-0.34); p>0.05);
(0) feeling that too many unnecessary worries about COVID-19 are being made (always/ mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.08 (–0.21-0.05)/ –0.05 (–0.20-0.11)/ –0.01 (–0.12-0.10)/ 0.03 (–0.10-0.16); p>0.05);
(0) time spent at home to avoid COVID-19 (0-9/ 10-19 vs. 20-24; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.16 (-0.39-0.08)/ -0.03 (-0.16-0.10); p>0.05); (0) need for details on COVID-19 symptoms (logistic regression: β=-0.02; 95%-CI -0.17-0.13; p>0.05);
(0) need for recommendations on prevention (logistic regression: β=0.11; 95%-CI -0.06-0.28; p>0.05);
(0) need for recommendations on treatment of COVID-19 (logistic regression: B=0.03; 95%-CI -0.08-0.14; p>0.05)
(0) need for regular updates on the current situation regarding COVID-19 (logistic regression: β=–0.11; 95%-CI –0.35-0.13; p>0.05);
(0) need for up-to-date information on local COVID-19 outbreaks (logistic regression: β=0.01; 95%-CI –0.15-0.17; p>0.05);
(0) need for recommendations for special groups, e.g. pre-existing conditions (logistic regression: β=0.004; 95%-CI –0.17-0.17; p>0.05)
(0) need for information on the availability and effectiveness of drugs Vaccinations for COVID-19 (logistic regression: β=–0.16; 95%-CI –0.40-0.07; p>0.05)
(0) need for up-to-date information on the number of infected persons and their stay (logistic regression: β=–0.09; 95%-CI –0.27-0.08; p>0.05);
(0) need for travel recommendations (logistic regression: β=–0.07; 95%-CI –0.28-0.14; p>0.05)
(0) need for updates on transmission paths (logistic regression: β=–0.10; 95%-CI –0.33-0.14; p>0.05);
(0) need for updates on other countries' approach to the COVID 19 outbreak (logistic regression: β=–0.008; 95%-CI –0.19-0.18; p>0.05);

for anxiety:
(0) age (12-21.4/ 21.4-30.8/30.8-40.2/40.2-49.6 vs. 49.6-59 years; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.10 (–0.28-0.48)/ 0.07 (–0.31-0.44)/ –0.16 (–0.59-0.27)/ –0.23 (–0.67-0.20); p>0.05);
(0) parenthood (child <17/ >17 years vs. no child; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.08 (–0.11-0.27); p>0.05);
(0) marital status (single/ married/ divorced or separated vs. widowed; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.71 (–0.61-2.03)/ 0.80 (–0.51-2.12)/ 0.44 (–1.07-1.96); p>0.05);
(0) household size (>5/ 3-5/ 2 vs. 1 person; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.17 (–0.87-0.54)/ –0.12 (–0.81-0.57)/ –0.18 (–0.93-0.58); p>0.05);
(0) employment (unemployed /farmers/retired vs. employed; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.21 (–0.09-0.51)/0.07 (–0.41-0.54)/ –0.54 (–1.41-0.32); p>0.05);
(0) highest educational level (none / primary school / lower secondary school / upper secondary school / bachelor / master vs. PhD; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 1.02 (–0.66-2.71)/ –0.10 (–1.05-0.84)/ 0.38 (–0.21-0.96)/ 0.36 (–0.19-0.92)/ 0.32 (–0.18-0.82)/ 0.24 (–0.28-0.76); p>0.05);
(0) fever + cough or breathing problems (logistic regression: β=0.98; 95%-CI –0.16-2.11; p>0.05);
(0) SARS-CoV-2 test in the last 14d (logistic regression: β=0.22; 95%-CI –0.47- 0.91; p>0.05)
(0) quarantine in the last 14d (logistic regression: β=0.03; 95%-CI –0.42-0.48; p>0.05);
(0) health insurance coverage (logistic regression: β=–0.04; 95%-CI –0.29-0.21; p>0.05);
(0) close contact with confirmed COVID-19 patient (logistic regression: β=0.98; 95%-CI –0.16-2.11; p>0.05)
(0) indirect contact with confirmed COVID-19 patient (logistic regression: β= –0.28; 95%-CI –1.21-0.65; p>0.05)
(0) knowledge of COVID-19 (e.g. on transmission path; logistic regression: β=0,17 (–0.09-0.43); p>0.05);
(0) information on increase in number of cured people (logistic regression: β= –0.25; 95%-CI –0.51-0.01; p>0.05);
(0) information source (Internet/TV/family vs. others; logistic regression: β(95%-CI)= –0.57 (–1.50-0.35/ –0.35 (–1.32-0.62)/ –0.33 (–1.50-0.84); p>0.05);
(0) satisfaction with the information situation about COVID-19 (very satisfied/ somewhat satisfied/ not very satisfied/ not at all satisfied vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.20 (–0.53-0.14)/ –0.02 (–0.36-0.31)/ 0.05 (–0.31-0.40)/ 0.41 (–0.07-0.88); p>0.05)
(0) trust in the doctor (very satisfied/ somewhat satisfied/ not very satisfied vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.02 (–0.42-0.45)/ 0.22 (–0.22-0.65)/ 0.38 (–0.15-0.91); p>0.05);
(0) high perceived risk of infection (very high/ high/ not very high; logistic regression: β=0.07 (–0.20-0.33)/ –0.02 (–0.23-0.20)/ –0.05 (–0.26-0.16); p>0.05);
(0) perceived risk of death in case of infection (not at all probable/ not very probable/ somewhat probable/ very probable vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.06 (–0.27-0.14)/ –0.03 (–0.21-0.15)/ 0.18 (–0.08-0.43)/ 0.42 (–0.11-0.95); p>0.05);
(0) worries about family (very worried/ somewhat worried/ not very worried/ not worried at all vs. no family; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.59 (–0.13-1.32)/ 0.43 (–0.30-1.15)/ 0.44 (–0.30-1.15)/ 0.36 (–0.41-1.13); p>0.05);
(0) few concerns about children (not very concerned/ not concerned at all vs. no children; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.21 (–0.01-0.43)/0.14 (–0.12-0.40); p>0.05);
(0) covering mouth when coughing and sneezing (always/mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.19 (–0.52-0.14)/ –0.09 (–0.43-0.26)/ 0.09 (–0.30-0.47)/ –0.32 (–0.73-0.09); p>0.05);
(0) avoid sharing chopsticks (mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.03 (–0.26-0.19)/ –0.13 (–0.37-0.11)/ –0.14 (–0.38-0.11); p>0.05);
(0) washing hands with soap and water (mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.40 (–0.81-0.02)/ –0.23 (–0.67-0.21)/ –0.21 (–0.67-0.21)/ –0.21 (–0.67-0.24); p>0.05);
(0) occasional hand washing directly after coughing, sneezing, sniffing (vs. never; logistic regression: β=–0.29; 95%-CI –0.60-0.02; p>0.05); (0) mask wearing independently of symptoms (most/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.27 (–0.66-0.12)/ –0.25 (–0.67-0.17)/ –0.14 (–0.60-0.31); p>0.05);
(0) washing hands after touching contaminated objects (always/ mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.52 (–1.06-0.02)/ –0.37 (–0.92-0.18)/ –0.03 (–0.63-0.58)/ –0.22 (–0.87-0.43); p>0.05);
(0) feeling that too many unnecessary worries about COVID-19 are being made (always/ mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.12 (–0.09-0.33)/ 0.20 (–0.04-0.44)/ 0.07 (–0.10-0.25)/ 0.12 (–0.08-0.33); p>0.05);
(0) time spent at home to avoid COVID-19 (0-9/ 10-19 vs. 20-24; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.15 (–0.52-0.22)/ –0.06 (–0.26-0.14); p>0.05);
(0) need for further health information on COVID-19 (logistic regression: β=0.16; 95%-CI –0.03-0.35; p>0.05)
(0) need for details on COVID-19 symptoms (logistic regression: β=–0.12; 95%-CI –0.36-0.11; p>0.05);
(0) need for recommendations on prevention (logistic regression: β=0.13; 95%-CI –0.14-0.40; p>0.05);
(0) need for recommendations on treatment of COVID-19 (logistic regression: β=0.03; 95%-CI –0.14-0.20; p>0.05);
(0) need for up-to-date information on local COVID-19 outbreaks (logistic regression: β=–0.10; 95%-CI –0.36-0.15; p>0.05);
(0) need for recommendations for special groups, e.g. pre-existing conditions (logistic regression: β=–0.14; 95%-CI –0.41-0.13; p>0.05);
(0) need for travel recommendations (logistic regression: β=–0.19; 95%-CI –0.52-0.14; p>0.05);
(0) need for updates on other countries' approach to the COVID 19 outbreak (logistic regression: β=–0.14; 95%-CI –0.43-0.15; p>0.05);





for depressive symptoms:
(0) age (12-21.4/ 21.4-30.8/30.8-40.2/40.2-49.6 vs. 49.6-59 years; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.06 (–0.25-0.37)/ 0.18 (–0.12-0.47)/ –0.06 (–0.41-0.28)/ –0.16 (–0.51-0.19); p>0.05);
(0) Parenthood (child <17/ >17 years vs. no child; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.05 (–0.10-0.20)/ –0.06 (–0.18-0.06); p>0.05);
(0) marital status (single/ married/ divorced or separated vs. widowed; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.45 (–0.60-1.51)/ 0.56 (–0.50-1.61)/ 0.44 (–0.77-1.66); p>0.05);
(0) household size (>5/ 3-5/ 2 vs. 1 person; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.19 (–0.76-0.38)/ –0.09 (–0.64-0.47)/ –0.21 (–0.82-0.39); p>0.05);
(0) employment (unemployed/farmers/retired vs. employed; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.16 (–0.08-0.40)/ –0.07 (–0.45-0.31)/ –0.48 (–1.18-0.21); p>0.05);
(0) highest educational level (primary school/ lower secondary school/ upper secondary school/ bachelor/master vs. doctorate; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.07 (–0.82-0.69)/ 0.41 (–0.06-0.88)/ 0.34 (–0.11-0.79)/ 0.35 (–0.05-0.75)/ 0.33 (–0.09-0.74); p>0.05);
(0) fever + cough or breathing problems (logistic regression: β= 0.22; 95%-CI –0.69-1.13; p>0.05);
(0) visit to a doctor in a hospital in the last 14d (logistic regression: β=0.22; 95%-CI –0.07-0.50; p>0.05);
(0) hospitalization in the last 14d (logistic regression: β=–0.28; 95%-CI –1.19-0.63; p>0.05); (0) SARS-CoV-2 test in the last 14d (logistic regression: β=0.02; 95%-CI –0.54-0.57; p>0.05);
(0) quarantine in the last 14d (logistic regression: β=–0.11; 95%-CI –0.47-0.25; p>0.05);
(0) health insurance coverage (logistic regression: β=0.02; 95%-CI –0.18-0.22; p>0.05);
(0) indirect contact with confirmed COVID-19 patient (logistic regression: β=–0.37; 95%-CI –1.11-0.38; p>0.05) (0) knowledge of COVID-19 (e.g. for transmission via contaminated objects; logistic regression: β=0.02; 95%-CI –0.12-0.15; p>0.05);
(0) source of information (Internet/TV/family vs. others; logistic regression: β(95%-CI)= 0.19 (–0.55-0.94)/ 0.31 (–0.47-1.09)/ –0.03 (–0.97-0.91); p>0.05);
(0) satisfaction with the information situation about COVID-19 (very satisfied/ somewhat satisfied/ not very satisfied vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β(95%-CI)= –0.12 (–0.38-0.15)/ –0.001 (–0.27-0.27)/ 0.08 (–0.21-0.36); p>0.05);
(0) trust in the doctor (very satisfied/ somewhat satisfied/ not very satisfied vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β(95%-CI)=0.02 (–0.33-0.37)/ 0.09 (–0.26-0.44)/ 0.10 (–0.33-0.52); p>0.05);
(0) perceived risk of infection (very high/ high/ not very high/ not likely at all vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β=0.15 (–0.06-0.36)/ 0.04 (–0.14-0.21)/ 0.03 (–0.14-0.20)/ –0.19 (–0.41-0.03); p>0.05);
(0) perceived risk of death in case of infection (not at all probable/ not very probable/ something probable vs. I don't know; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.01 (–0.15-0.17)/ –0.01 (–0.15-0.14)/ 0.15 (–0.06-0.35); p>0.05);
(0) worries about family (very worried / somewhat worried / not very worried / not worried at all vs. no family; logistic regression β (95%-CI)=0.29 (–0.05-0.24)/ 0.08 (–0.06-0.23)/ 0.04 (–0.57-0.66); p>0.05);
(0) worries about children (very worried/ somewhat worried/ not very worried/ not worried at all vs. no children; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)=0.09 (–0.05-0.24)/ 0.08 (–0.06-0.23)/ 0.08 (–0.09-0.26)/ 0.03 (–0.18-0.23); p>0.05);
(0) covering mouth when coughing and sneezing (always/ most/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= -0.09 (-0.35-0.18)/ -0.04 (-0.32-0.24)/ 0.02 (-0.30-0.33)/ -0.02 (-0.35-0.31); p>0.05);
(0) avoid sharing chopsticks (most/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.27 (–0.60-0.07)/ –0.25 (–0.61-0.10)/ –0.15 (–0.51-0.22); p>0.05)
(0) washing hands with soap and water (most/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.27 (–0.60-0.07)/ –0.25 (–0.61-0.10)/ –0.15 (–0.51-0.22); p>0.05)
(0) washing hands directly after coughing, sneezing (sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β= –0.18 (–0.42-0.06)/ –0.04 (–0.29-0.20); p>0.05);
(0) wearing mask independently of symptoms (most/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.21 (–0.52-0.10)/ –0.25 (–0.59-0.08)/ 0.006 (–0.36-0.37); p>0.05);
(0) washing hands after touching contaminated objects (mostly/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.41 (–0.85-0.03)/ –0.27 (–0.76-0.21)/ 0.24 (–0.76-0.28); p>0.05)
(0) Feeling that too many unnecessary worries about COVID-19 are being worried about (always/ sometimes/ occasionally vs. never; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= 0.12 (–0.04-0.29)/ 0.01 (–0.13-0.15)/ 0.10 (–0.07-0.26); p>0.05)
(0) time spent at home to avoid COVID-19 (0-9/ 10-19 vs. 20-24; logistic regression: β (95%-CI)= –0.21 (–0.51-0.08)/ –0.08 (–0.24-0.08); p>0.05);
(0) need for further health information on COVID-19 (logistic regression: β=0.1; 95%-CI –0.06-0.25; p>0.05);
(0) need for details on COVID-19 symptoms (logistic regression: β=–0.11; 95%-CI –0.30-0.08; p>0.05);
(0) need for recommendations on prevention (logistic regression: β=0.05; 95%-CI –0.17-0.26; p>0.05);
(0) need for recommendations on treatment of COVID-19 (logistic regression: β=–0.05; 95%-CI –0.18-0.09; p>0.05);
(0) need for regular updates on the current situation regarding COVID-19 (logistic regression: β=–0.29; 95%-CI –0.59-0.01; p>0.05);
(0) need for up-to-date information on local COVID-19 outbreaks (logistic regression: β=0.09; 95%-CI –0.11-0.30; p>0.05);
(0) need for recommendations for special groups, e.g. pre-existing conditions (logistic regression: β=–0.02; 95%-CI –0.23-0.20; p>0.05);
(0) need for up-to-date information on the number of infected persons and their stay (logistic regression: β=–0.13; 95%-CI –0.35-0.10; p>0.05);
(0) need for travel recommendations (logistic regression: β=–0.07; 95%-CI –0.34-0.19; p>0.05);
(0) need for updates on transmission paths (logistic regression; β=–0.21; 95%-CI –0.51-0.09; p>0.05);
(0) need for updates on other countries' approach to the COVID 19 outbreak (logistic regression: β=–0.08; 95%-CI -0.31-0.15; p>0.05)
Wang, Y et al. (2020) (e18) correlation of anxiety and depressive symtpoms (logistic regression; r = 0.696; p < 0.001)
for anxiety:
(+) female sex (χ² test: χ² = 7.118, p = 0.011; logistic regression: OR=3.01; 95%-CI 1.39-6.52; p=0.005);
(+) age > 40 (logistic regression: OR= 0.40; 95%-CI 0.16-0.99; p=0.046);
for depressive symptoms:
(–) lower education level (bachelor vs. master; logistic regression: OR= 0.39; 95%-CI 0.17-0.87; p=0.021)
(–) occupation: industrial worker (logistic regression: OR=0.31; 95%-CI 0.15-0.65; p=0.002)
(–) other professions (logistic regression: OR= 0.38; 95%-CI 0.15-0.93; p=0.035


for anxiety:
(0) Educational level (χ² test: χ²= 3.046; p=0.386);
(0) Occupation (χ²-Test: χ²= 1.765; p=0.633);
(0) Region (χ²-test: χ²= 0,136; p=0,738)
for depressive symptoms:
(0) college degree (vs. master; logistic regression: OR=0.54; 95%-CI 0.24-1.21; p=0.133)
(0) highschool degree or lower (vs. master; logistic regression: OR=0.95; 95%-CI 0.40-2.29; p=0.916)
(0) being employed (logistic regression: OR=0.86; 95%-CI 0.47-1.59; 0.862);
Zhang, Y. et al. (2020) (e19) for posttraumatic stress symptoms:

(–) time to rest (no details on; p= 0.028);		 for posttraumatic stress symptoms:

(0) sex (unpaired test; p=0.478);
(0) age (linear regression: t=0.706; p=0.481);
(0) BMI (linear regression: t=1.175; p=0.241);
(0) education level (linear regression: t=1.013; p=0.312);
Healthcare workers
Cai et al. (2020) (e1) NR NR
Huang, JZ. et. al. (2020) (e9) for anxiety:
(–) male sex (t-test: t=–2.548; p=0.012);
(–) medical profession (vs. nursing profession; t-test: t=-4.207; p<0.001);
(+) low occupational position (junior/ middle/senior; ANOVA: F=3.275; p=0.040);


for posttraumatic stress symptoms:
(-) male sex (t-Test: t=-2.472; p=0.014); 		for anxiety:
(0) age (ANOVA: F=1.447; p=0.237);
(0) marital status (single/married; t-test: t=0.232; p=0.817);
(0) professional field (surgery/conservative medicine/infectiology; ANOVA: F=0.397; p=0.673);
(0) education (education vs. bachelor or higher; t-test: t=-0.876; p=0.382);
(0) current work situation (active vs. quarantined; t-test: t=0.00; p=1);
for posttraumatic stress symptoms:
(0) age (ANOVA: F=0.531; p=0.589);
(0) marital status (single/married; t-test: t=0.881; p=0.379);
(0) physician (vs. nursing profession; T-test: t=-0.811; p=0.418);
(0) professional field (surgery/conservative medicine/infectiology; ANOVA: F=1.191; p=0.827);
(0) education (education vs. bachelor or higher; t-test: t=-0.982; p=0.326);
(0) current working situation (active vs. quarantined; t-test: t=0.165; p=0.869);
Kang et al. (2020) (e20) for mental health:
(+) exposure to COVID-19 (own infection/ in loved ones/ co-residents with symptoms; structural equation model: Estimate=5.347; 95%-CI 3.831-8.184; p<0001);
(-) use of non-personal psychological support (structural equation model; Estimate=-0.868; 95%-CI: -1.385 - -0.289; p=0.001);		 for mental health:
(0) age (χ² test; χ² NR; p=0.101);
(0) sex (χ² test; χ² NR; p=0.133);
(0) marital status (married/unmarried; χ² test; χ² NR; p=0.127);
(0) educational level (postgraduate/lower; χ² test; χ² NR; p=0.322);
(0) occupation (doctor/nurse; χ² test; χ² NR; p=0.409);
(0) work area (high risk/ normal; χ² test; χ² NR; p=0.092);
(0) professional position (junior/ intermediate/ senior; χ² test; χ² NR; p=0.307);
(0) counseling or psychotherapy (χ² test; χ² NR; p=0.216)
Lai et al. (2020) (6) for depressive symptoms
(+) female sex (logistic regression; OR 1.94; 95%-CI 1.26-2.98; p = 0.003);
(+) female sex (PHQ-9 median [IQR] men vs. women: 3.0 [0-7.0] vs. 5.0 [2.0-8.0]; p<0.001);
(+) nursing staff (PHQ-9 median [IQR]) Doctors vs. nurses: 4.0 [1.0-7.0] vs 5.0 [2.0-8.0]; p = 0.007);
(+) working at secondary care provider (vs. tertiary care providers, OR 1.65; 95%-CI 1.17-2.34; p = 0.004);
(+) working at secondary care provider (PHQ-9 median [IQR] tertiary vs. secondary care provider: 4.0 [1.0-7.0] vs. 5.0 [2.0-9.0];p <0.001);
(+) middle professional position (OR 1.77 95%-CI 1.25-2.49; p= 0.001);
(+) direct patient contact (logistic regression; OR 1.52; 95%CI, 1.11-2.09; p =0.01);
(+) direct patient contact (PHQ-9 Median [IQR] Frontline vs. 2nd-line: 6.0 [2.0-9.0] vs. 4.0 [1.0-7.0]; p<0.001);
(+) working in Wuhan (PHQ-9-Median [IQR] Wuhan vs. Hubei outside of Wuhan vs. outside of Hubei: 5.0 [2.0-8.0] vs. 4.0 [1.0-7.0] vs. 3.0 [0-7.0]; p<0.001);
for anxiety:
(+) female sex (logistic regression; OR 1.69; 95%-CI 1.23-2.33; p= 0.001);
(+) female sex (GAD-7 median [IQR] men vs. women: 2.0 [0-6.0] vs. 4.0 [1.0-7.0]; p<0.001);
(+) middle professional position: (OR 1.82; 95%-CI 1.38-2.39; p < 0.001);
(+) working at secondary care provider (compare with tertiary care provider, OR 1.43; 95%-CI 1.08-1.90; p= 0.01);
(+) working at secondary care provider (GAD-7 median [IQR] tertiary vs. secondary care provider: 3.0 [0-7.0] vs. 4.0 [1.0-7.0]; p=0.005);
(+) direct patient contact (logistic regression; OR 1.57; 95%-CI 1.22-2.02; p < 0.001);
(+) direct patient contact (GAD-7 Median [IQR] Frontline vs. 2nd-line 5.0 [1.0-7.0] vs. 3.0 [0.0-6.5]; p<0.001);
(+) nursing staff (GAD-7 median [IQR] doctors vs. nurses: 3.0 [0-7.0] vs. 4.0 [1.0-7.0]; p= 0.008);
(+) working in Wuhan (GAD-7 median [IQR] Wuhan vs. Hubei outside of Wuhan vs. outside of Hubei: 4.0 [1.0-7.0] vs. 3.0 [0-6.0] vs. 2.0 [0-6.0]; p<0.001)
for sleep related symptoms:
(+) direct patient contact (logistic regression; OR 2.97; 95%CI, 1.92-4.60; p < 0.001);
(+) nursing profession (ISI median [IQR] doctors vs. nurses: 4.0 [1.0-8.0] vs. 5.0 [2.0-10.0]; p < 0.001);
(+) female sex (ISI median [IQR] men vs. women: 3.0 [1.0-8.0] vs. 5.0 [2.0-9.0]; p<0.001);
(+) direct patient contact (ISI median [IQR] frontline vs. 2nd line: 6.0 [2.0-11.0] vs. 4.0 [1.0-8.0]; p<0.001);
(+) working at secondary care provider (ISI median [IQR] tertiary vs. secondary care provider: 4.0 [2.0-9.0] vs. 6.0 [2.0-10.0]; p=0.008);
(+) working in Wuhan (ISI median [IQR] Wuhan vs. Hubei outside Wuhan vs. outside Hubei: 5.0 [2.0-10.0] vs. 4.0 [1.0-8.0] vs. 3.0 [1.0-8.0]; p<0.001);
for stress:
(+) female sex (logistic regression; OR 10.45; 95%-CI 1.08-1.96; p= 0.01);
(+) female sex (IES median [IQR] men vs. women 14.0 [3.0-28.0] vs. 21.0 [9.0-32.0]; p<0.001);
(+) mean occupational position (logistic regression; OR 1.94 95%-CI 1.48-2.55; p < 0.001);
(+) direct patient contact (logistic regression; OR 1.60; 95%-CI 1.25-2.04; p < 0.001);
(+) nursing profession (IES-R median [IQR] physicians vs. nurses: 18.0 [5.0-30.0] vs. 20.5 [8.0-32.0]; p= 0.009);
(+) direct patient contact (IES-R median [IQR] frontline vs. 2nd line: 22.5 [9.0-35.0] vs. 17.0 [5.5-28.5]; p<0.001);
(+) working in Wuhan (IES-R-Median [IQR] Wuhan vs. Hubei outside Wuhan vs. outside Hubei: 21.0 [8.5-34.5] vs. 18.0 [6.0-28.0] vs. 15.0 [4.0-26.0]; p<0.001);
(-) working outside Hubei (logistic regression; OR 0.62; 95%-CI 0.43-0.88; p = 0.008)		 for depressive symptoms:
(+) high professional position (compared to low position: OR 1.21; 95%-CI 0.72-2.03; p=0.47)



























for anxiety:
(+) high professional position (compared to low position: OR 1.01; 95%-CI 0.67-1.51; p=0.97);
























for sleep related symptoms:
NR













for stress:
(0) working at secondary care provider (IES-R median [IQR] tertiary vs. secondary care provider: 19.0 [7.0-32.0] vs. 20.0 [6.0-31.0]; p=0.46);
(0) high occupational position (IES-R vs. low position: OR 1.03; 95%-CI 0.69-1.55; p=0.87)
(0) working in Hubei outside ofWuhan (ISI, see Wuhan; logistic regression; OR 0.77; 95%-CI 0.57-1.06; p=0.10)
Mo et al. (2020) (e2) for stress:
(+) Siblings (logistic regression for being only child: r=-0.241; p<0.001);
(+) workload (logistic regression: r=0.106 p= 0.048)
(+) anxiety (correlation analysis according to Pearson: r=0.676; p<0.001)
(+) high professional qualification (primary nurse/ senior nurse/ supervisor/ deputy chief nurse; M±SD comparison (ANOVA): 26.57±4.721/ 40.34±12.70/ 41.07±14.08/ 38.25±7.24; F=2.833; p=0.04)
(+) poor sleep quality (great/ good/ normal/ not good/ bad; M±SD comparison (ANOVA): 32.65±12.44/ 35.83±10.43/ 41.80±12.37/ 44.50±12.74/ 48.38±20.01; F=4.818; p=0.01)
(+) Severity of the patient's condition (suspicious/moderate/ moderate/ severe/ critical; M±SD comparison (ANOVA): 37.38±7.82/ 41.02±13.27/ 36.05±11.16/ 39.83±12.33/ 49.30±17.27; F=2.638; p=0.036)
(+) Adaptation to daily diet (adapted/ not adapted; M comparison 38.72±11.79/ 43.68±15.57; T-test: t=-2.216; p=0.028)		 NR
Xiao et al. (2020) (e3) for sleep related symptoms:
(+) anxiety (SEM*: β=0.257; p<0.001);
(+) stress (SEM*: β=0.255; p<0.001) (-) self-efficacy (SEM*: β=-0.308; p<0.001);
for anxiety:
(–) social support (SEM*: β=–0.565; p<0.0001)
for stress:
(–) social support (SEM*: β=–0.245; P=0.003)
(+) anxiety (SEM*: β=0.259; p=0.001)
for self-efficacy:
(+) social support (SEM*: β=0.304; p<0.001)
(–) anxiety (SEM*: β=–0.179; p=0.029)		 for sleep related symptoms:
(0) social support (SEM*: β=–0.046; p=0.538)



for anxiety
NR
for stress:
NR
for self-efficacy:
NR
Mixed Groups
Huang, Y. et al. (2020) (e6) for depressive symptoms:
(+) age <35 years (χ² test; χ²=13.91; p<0.001);
(+) health profession+ >3h/d Thinking of COVID-19 (χ²-Test; χ²= 18.03; p<0.001)


for anxiety:
(+) <35 years (χ² test; χ²=20.6; p<0.001);
(+) health profession+>3h/d COVID thoughts (χ²-Test; χ² =78.17; p <0.001);
(+) <35 years+>3h/d COVID-thoughts (χ²-Test; χ²= 68.55; p<0.001)
for sleep related symptoms:
(+) health profession (χ² test; χ²=98.82; p<0.001);
(+) health profession+>3h/d Thinking about COVID-19 (χ²-Test; χ²= 7.36; p< 0.025) 		for depressive symptoms:
(0) sex (χ²-Test; χ²=3,67; p=0,055);
(0) occupation (health workers/employees in companies/ teacher or pupils/ other occupations; χ² test; χ²=2.71; p=0.439);
(0) <35 years old + time of reflection on covid-19 (χ²-test; χ²=6,11; p=0,047)
for anxiety:
(0) sex (χ² test; χ²=2.19; p=0.089);
(0) occupation (healthcare workers/employees in companies/ teacher or pupils/ other occupations; χ²-Test; χ²=2.36; p=0.501)
for sleep related symptoms:
(0) sex (χ² test; χ²=2.59; p=0.108);
(0) age (χ² test; χ²=0.58; p=0.446);
(0) healthcare profession + time spent thinking about COVID-19 (χ²-Test; χ²=7.36; p=0.025);
(0) <35 years old + time spent thinking about covid-19 (χ² test; χ²=6.11; p=0.047)
Li et al. (2020) (e8) for vicarious traumatization:
(+) general population or nursing staff without direct contact to COVID-19 (vs. nursing staff with direct contact to COVID-19; Z-value=57.258; p<0.001)		 NR
Lu et al. (2020) (e21) for depressive symptoms:
-regarding HAMD: (+) healthcare workers (vs. administrative staff; Mann-Whitney U-test (M ±SD comparison): 2.41 ± 3.979 vs. 1.86 ± 3.277; p= 0.029)
(+) high risk contact (vs. non-clinical work; logistic regression; HR=2.016; 95%-CI 1.102- 3.685; p= 0.023)
for anxiety:
-regarding NRS on fear:
(+) healthcare workers (vs. administrative staff; χ²-test; χ²=16.953; p< 0.001);
(+) Health workers (vs. administrative staff; Mann-Whitney-U-Test (M ±SD comparison): 4.89 ± 2.389 vs. 4.19 ± 2.384; p < 0.001)
(+) High risk contact (vs. non-clinical work; logistic regression; HR=1.408; 95%-CI 1.025-1.933; p= 0.034) -regarding HAMA:
(+) healthcare workers (vs. administrative personnel; χ²- test; χ²=6.040; p=0.049);
(+) healthcare workers (vs. administrative staff; for HAMA; Mann-Whitney-U-Test (M ±SD comparison): 4.73 ± 6.291 vs. 3.67 ± 5.072; p=0.015)
(+) high risk contact (vs. non-clinical work; logistic regression; HR=2.062; 95%-CI 1.349 -3.153; p= 0.001)		 for depressive symptoms:
-regarding HAMD:
(0) healthcare workers (vs. administrative personnel; χ²-test=3.137; p=0.191);
(0) low risk contact (vs. non-clinical work; logistic regression; HR=1.394; 95%-CI 0.798-2.433; p= 0.243);

for anxiety:
-regarding NRS on fear:
(0) low risk contact (vs. non-clinical work; logistic regression; HR=1.301; 95%-CI 0.986 -1.716; p= 0.063);
-regarding HAMA:
(0) low risk contact (vs. non-clinical work; logistic regression; HR= 1.306; 95%-CI 0.888-1.922; p= 0.175)
Yuan et al. (2020) (e22) NR NR
Zhang, W. et al. (2020) (e23) for sleep related symptoms:
-whole sample:
(+) health profession (logistic regression: OR =1.24; 95%-CI 1.02- 1.50; p=0.03);
(+) living in rural areas (logistic regression: OR= 1.38; 95%-CI 1.08-1.77; p=0.01)
(+) living with family (logistic regression: OR= 0.68; 95%-CI 0.52- 0.89; p=0.01);
(+) risk of contact with COVID-19 patients in hospital (logistic regression: OR= 2.45; 95%-CI 1.68-3.56; p<0.01);
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=2.69; 95%-CI 2.05-3.55; p<0.01);
- healthcare workers:
(+) living in rural areas (logistic regression: OR=2.18; 95%-CI 1.42-3.35; p<0.01)
(+) risk of contact with COVID-19 patients in hospital (logistic regression: OR=2.53; 95%-CI 1.74-3.68; <0.01)
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=3.39; 95%-CI 2.20-5.22; p<0.01);
-other professions:
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=2.23; 95%-CI 1.55-3.20; p<0.01)
for anxiety:
- whole sample:
(+) health profession (vs. other profession; Mann-Whitney test (GAD-2-M±SD comparison): 1.51±1.28 vs. 1.25±1.23; p <0.01);
(+) female sex (logistic regression: OR=1.69; 95%-CI 1.24-2.32; p<0.01)
(+) marital status (married/old; logistic regression: OR=1.56; 95%-CI 1.03-2.35; p=0.04);
(+) risk of contact with COVID-19 patients in hospital (logistic regression: OR=2.47; 95%-CI 1.59-3.83; p=0.05);
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=2.09; 95%-CI 1.45-3.00; p<0.01);
- healthcare workers:
(+) female sex (logistic regression: OR=1.80; 95%-CI 1.10-2.95; p = 0.02);
(+) rural housing (logistic regression: OR=1.88; 95%-CI; 1.09-3.21; p = 0.02);
(+) risk of contact with COVID-19 patients in hospital (logistic regression: OR=2.06; 95%-CI; 1.28-3.32; p < 0.01);
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=2.85; 95%-CI, 1.73-4.68; p < 0.01);
for depressive symptoms:
- whole sample:
(+) health profession (vs. other profession; Mann-Whitney test (PHQ-2-M±SD comparison): 1.35±1.37 vs. 1.18±1.28; p =0.01);
(+) living in rural areas(logistic regression: OR=1.46; 95%-CI 1.03-2.07; p=0.04)
(+) living with family (logistic regression: OR=0.52; 95%-CI 0.36-0.74; p<0.01)
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=2.17; 95%-CI 1.51-3.12; p<0.01);
- healthcare workers:
(+) female sex (logistic regression: OR=1.85; 95%-CI 1.11-3.08; p = 0.02);
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=2.51; 95%-C 1.51-4.18; p < 0.01);
-other professions:
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=1.90; 95%-CI; 1.13-3.20; p <0.01);
(+) living with family (logistic regression: OR=0.36; 95%-CI; 0.21-0.59; p < 0.01)
for somatization:
- whole sample:
(+) health profession (logistic regression: OR=4.70; 95%CI 1.67- 13.22; p<0.01);
(+) living in rural areas (logistic regression: OR=3.30; 1.22-8.93; p=0.02);
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=7.14; 95%-CI 2.90-17.60; p<0.01)
- healthcare workers:
(+) living in rural areas (logistic regression: OR=4.78; 95%-CI; 1.55-14.76; p = 0.01);
(+) organic diseases (OR=7.89; 95%-CI; 2.75-22.62; p < 0.01)
for obsessive-compulsive symptoms:
-whole sample:
(+) health profession (logistic regression; OR: 1.85; 95%-CI 1.10- 3.10; p=0.02);
(+) risk of contact with COVID-19 patients in hospital (logistic regression: OR=3.38; 95%-CI 1.81-6.29; p<0.01)
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=2.43; 95%-CI 1.38-4.28; p<0.01);
-healthcare workers:
(+) living in rural areas (logistic regression: OR=2.49; 95%-CI 1.21-5.11; p = 0.01);
(+) risk of contact with COVID-19 patients in hospital (logistic regression: OR=3.27; 95%-CI; 1.75-6.11; p < 0.01);
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=2.24; 95%-CI; 1.07-4.71; p = 0.03);
-other professions:
(+) organic diseases (logistic regression: OR=2.84; 95%-CI; 1.18-6.80; p = 0.02)
for phobic anxiety:
(+) female sex (logistic regression: OR=2.19; 95% CI 1.18- 4.05; p=0.01)		 for sleep related symptoms:
NR





























for anxiety:
NR

























for depressive symptoms:
NR



























for somatization:

NR















for obsessive-compulsive symptoms:
NR


























for phobic anxiety:
(0) health profession (vs. other profession; Mann-Whitney test (SCL-90-R subscore M±SD comparison): 3.78±4.18 vs. 3.68±3.96; p= 0.87);

Abbreviations:

HR: hazard ratio; M: mean value; NR: not reported; OR=odds ratio; p: level of significance; r: correlation coefficient; SD = standard deviation; β: regression coefficient

(+) = positive correlation; (–) = negative correlation; (0) = no correlation; CES-D: Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale to assess depressive symptoms; CPDI: COVID-19 Peritraumatic Distress Index; DASS-21: Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale; GAD-7: Generalized Anxiety Disorder Scale-7 to assess generalized anxiety disorders; GSES: General Self-Efficacy Scale to assess self-efficacy; HAMA: Hamilton Anxiety Scale to assess anxiety symptoms; HAMD: Hamilton Depression Scale to assess depressive symptoms; IES-R: Impact of Event Scale -Revised to assess post-traumatic symptoms; ISI: Insomnia Severity Index to assess sleep disorders; NRS: Numeric Rating Scale; PCL-5: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist for DSM-5 for posttraumatic stress symptoms; PCL-C: Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Checklist- Civilians for posttraumatic stress symptoms; PHQ-4: Personal Health Questionnaire-4 to assess anxiety and depressive symptoms; PHQ-9: Personal Health Questionnaire 9 to assess depressive symptoms; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index to assess sleep quality; PTBS: Post-traumatic stress symptoms; PTSD-SS: PTSD Self-rating Scale to assess post-traumatic stress symptoms; SAS: Self-Rating Anxiety Scale to assess anxiety symptoms; SASR: Stanford Acute Stress Reaction Questionnaire to assess stress reactions; SCL-90-R: Symptom Checklist 90-Revised for recording psychological stress; SDS: Self-Rating Depression Scale; SE: Self-developed questionnaire; SEM: Structural equation model; SOS: Stress Overload Scale to assess stress; SRQ: Stress Response Questionnaire to assess emotional situation, somatic reactions and behavior; SSRS: Social Support Rate Scale to assess social support; Vicarious Traumatization Questionnaire to assess secondary traumatization, based on TSIB (Traumatic Stress Institute Belief Scale), VTS (Vicarious Trauma Scale) and IES, among others

*for SEM (Xiao et al.): GFI=0.995, CFI=0.995, TLI=0.953, IFI=0.996, NFI=0.991, AGFI=0.931, RMSEA=0.077, χ²/df=2.073