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. 2021 Jan 19;11(1):e041210. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041210

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© Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2021. Re-use permitted under CC BY-NC. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.

This is an open access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) license, which permits others to distribute, remix, adapt, build upon this work non-commercially, and license their derivative works on different terms, provided the original work is properly cited, appropriate credit is given, any changes made indicated, and the use is non-commercial. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

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Flow of patient selection for the study cohort. From January 2012 to August 2017, 307 762 patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) with more than two visits to the participating hospitals were identified in Taipei Medical University Research Database. Adult non-pregnant patients with CKD who met the specific criteria of stage I–IIIa CKD were regarded as patients with early CKD. Those who participated in the Early CKD Care Programme comprised the case group, and those not participating in the programme served as the control group. We conducted 1:2 propensity score matching with age, sex, estimated glomerular filtration rate and CKD stage to reduce selection bias in the control group. SHH, Shuang Ho Hospital; TMUH, Taipei Medical University Hospital; WFH, Wan Fang Hospital.