Table 1.
Participant characteristics for all and stratified by sex and race
| Sex | Race | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | Men | Women | P value | American Indian | Asian | African American | White | P value | |
| N | 3,108 | 1,984 | 1,124 | 103 | 119 | 553 | 2,084 | ||
| Age (years) | 56.6 ± 10.0 | 57.7 ± 10.1 | 54.7 ± 9.7 | <0.001 | 45.6 ± 10.4 | 53.9 ±10.3 | 55.6 ± 8.9 | 57.9 ± 9.8 | <0.001 |
| Female | 63 (61.2) | 28 (23.5) | 268 (48.5) | 661 (31.7) | <0.001 | ||||
| Race | <0.001 | ||||||||
| American Indian/Alaska Native | 103 (3.3) | 40 (2.0) | 63 (5.6) | ||||||
| Asian | 119 (3.8) | 91 (4.6) | 28 (2.5) | ||||||
| Hawaiian/Pacific Islander | 20 (0.6) | 15 (0.8) | 5 (0.4) | ||||||
| Black or African American | 553 (17.8) | 285 (14.4) | 268 (23.8) | ||||||
| White | 2,084 (67.1) | 1,423 (71.7) | 661 (58.8) | ||||||
| Other/multiple | 189 (6.1) | 107 (5.4) | 82 (7.3) | ||||||
| Unknown/not reported | 40 (1.3) | 23 (1.2) | 17 (1.5) | ||||||
| BMI (kg/m2) | 34.2 ± 6.7 | 33.6 ± 6.2 | 35.2 ± 7.3 | <0.001 | 36.5 ± 7.4 | 28.9 ± 5.2 | 34.2 ± 6.8 | 34.4 ± 6.5 | <0.001 |
| 100 ∗ WHR | 99.2 ± 8.3 | 102.2 ± 7.2 | 93.8 ± 7.3 | <0.001 | 99.2 ± 8.8 | 96.7 ± 7.9 | 97.0 ± 8.2 | 99.9 ± 8.2 | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration (years) | 4.0 ± 2.8 | 4.1 ±2.8 | 3.9 ± 2.8 | 0.078 | 2.8 ± 2.6 | 4.3 ± 2.7 | 4.2 ± 2.7 | 4.1 ± 2.8 | <0.001 |
| HbA1c (%) | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 0.997 | 7.6 ± 0.5 | 7.4 ± 0.4 | 7.4 ± 0.5 | 7.5 ± 0.5 | 0.004 |
| Fasting glucose (mg/dL) | 151.7 ± 30.9 | 153.1 ± 30.8 | 149.3 ± 30.9 | <0.001 | 144.9 ± 34.6 | 141.2 ± 23.1 | 139.0 ±29.2 | 156.4 ± 30.3 | <0.001 |
| 2-h glucose (mg/dL) | 287.9 ± 55.2 | 283.4 ± 53.8 | 295.9 ± 56.7 | <0.001 | 278.7 ± 62.8 | 285.6 ± 53.3 | 272.7 ± 59.3 | 292.6 ± 53.1 | <0.001 |
| Fasting insulin (mU/L) | 21.5 ± 14.8 | 21.4 ± 15.1 | 21.6 ± 14.4 | 0.847 | 27.0 ± 17.5 | 16.2 ± 10.1 | 18.6 ± 13.1 | 22.5 ± 15.5 | <0.001 |
| Metformin dose at screening (mg/day) | 1,586.6 ± 525.0 | 1,602.5 ± 521.7 | 1,558.3 ± 529.9 | 0.025 | 1,648.1 ± 499.9 | 1,558.0 ± 527.6 | 1,494.9 ± 544.7 | 1,623.9 ± 513.3 | <0.001 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg) | 128.1 ± 14.6 | 128.8 ± 14.6 | 126.9 ± 14.6 | <0.001 | 122.3 ± 11.1 | 126.8 ± 15.2 | 128.6 ± 15.0 | 128.7 ± 14.3 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 77.2 ± 9.8 | 77.7 ± 9.7 | 76.3 ± 9.8 | <0.001 | 78.2 ± 7.8 | 78.6 ± 10.1 | 78.3 ± 10.4 | 76.9 ± 9.6 | 0.005 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 162.8 ± 37.2 | 157.9 ± 37.3 | 171.6 ± 35.3 | <0.001 | 161.0 ± 28.4 | 164.0 ± 35.9 | 166.7 ± 35.8 | 161.7 ± 38.0 | 0.038 |
| HDL (mg/dL) | 43.4 ± 10.6 | 41.0 ± 9.3 | 47.6 ± 11.5 | <0.001 | 41.8 ± 7.5 | 44.9 ± 9.7 | 48.2 ± 12.3 | 42.0 ± 10.0 | <0.001 |
| LDL (mg/dL) | 89.6 ± 31.3 | 86.1 ± 30.8 | 95.7 ± 31.1 | <0.001 | 88.9 ± 24.1 | 92.4 ± 30.2 | 97.6 ± 31.5 | 86.9 ± 31.2 | <0.001 |
| TG (mg/dL) | 154.2 ± 124.1 | 160.1 ± 138.2 | 143.8 ± 93.3 | <0.001 | 153.2 ± 73.3 | 136.2 ± 73.8 | 105.4 ± 69.7 | 169.5 ± 135.7 | <0.001 |
| ACE/ARB | 1,350 (43.4) | 923 (46.5) | 427 (38.0) | <0.001 | 49 (47.6) | 35 (29.4) | 240 (43.4) | 925 (44.4) | 0.012 |
| Diuretics | 722 (23.2) | 464 (23.4) | 258 (23.0) | 0.818 | 3 (2.9) | 21 (17.6) | 157 (28.4) | 497 (23.8) | <0.001 |
| β-Blockers | 560 (18.0) | 396 (20.0) | 164 (14.6) | <0.001 | 8 (7.8) | 16 (13.4) | 95 (17.2) | 415 (19.9) | 0.004 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 428 (13.8) | 292 (14.7) | 136 (12.1) | 0.048 | 4 (3.9) | 15 (12.6) | 125 (22.6) | 263 (12.6) | <0.001 |
| Statins | 1,950 (62.7) | 1,333 (67.2) | 617 (54.9) | <0.001 | 31 (30.1) | 79 (66.4) | 319 (57.7) | 1,383 (66.4) | <0.001 |
| Fibrates | 97 (3.1) | 72 (3.6) | 25 (2.2) | 0.040 | 1 (1.0) | 1 (0.8) | 6 (1.1) | 82 (3.9) | 0.001 |
| Matsuda Index ([µU · mg/dL2]−1) | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 2.1 ± 1.4 | 0.015 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 2.5 ± 1.4 | 2.5 ± 1.6 | 2.0 ± 1.4 | <0.001 |
| HOMA2-S | 56.5 ± 40.6 | 57.5 ± 41.7 | 54.8 ± 38.6 | 0.075 | 44.1 ± 31.4 | 69.9 ± 40.9 | 64.3 ± 42.6 | 54.2 ± 39.9 | <0.001 |
| HOMA2-B | 67.7 ± 37.0 | 66.5 ± 37.4 | 69.8 ± 36.1 | 0.015 | 90.7 ± 49.8 | 61.4 ± 29.5 | 71.6 ± 38.6 | 66.0 ± 36.2 | <0.001 |
| IGI (µU/mg) | 33.8 ± 27.9 | 32.6 ± 27.4 | 35.9 ± 28.8 | 0.002 | 52.7 ± 37.3 | 32.3 ± 28.4 | 40.0 ± 32.1 | 31.3 ± 25.0 | <0.001 |
| CPI (nmol/g) | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.8 ± 0.5 | 0.046 | 1.1 ± 0.7 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | 0.9 ± 0.6 | 0.7 ± 0.5 | <0.001 |
| Late insulin response (pmol/mol) | 40.3 ± 35.0 | 39.1 ± 34.3 | 42.4 ± 36.0 | 0.013 | 54.6 ± 47.5 | 42.8 ± 33.6 | 45.8 ± 38.4 | 37.9 ± 33.0 | <0.001 |
| DI (mL/mg) | 1.91 ± 1.55 | 1.85 ± 1.51 | 2.01 ± 1.60 | 0.009 | 2.33 ± 1.82 | 2.20 ± 1.67 | 2.57 ± 1.95 | 1.69 ± 1.32 | <0.001 |
| Insulin clearance (µmol/pmol) | 12.5 ± 4.6 | 12.7 ± 4.6 | 12.2 ± 4.6 | 0.003 | 11.3 ± 4.0 | 12.6 ± 3.4 | 11.6 ± 4.2 | 12.9 ± 4.8 | <0.001 |
Data are mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. The χ2 test of independence was used for qualitative variables. The Student t test with unequal variances was used for quantitative variables comparing men vs. women and the ANOVA F test for quantitative variables in racial groups. Any racial group with <100 members was excluded from this analysis.
ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; BP, blood pressure; CPI, C-peptide index.