Table 1.
Adjusted HRs (95% CIs) and women-to-men ratio of HRs for death from COVID-19, influenza/pneumonia, or CHD associated with diabetes status and HbA1c levels and per 1% change in HbA1c
| Death from COVID-19 | Death from influenza/pneumonia | Death from CHD | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women | Men | RHR | Women | Men | RHR | Women | Men | RHR | |
| Previously diagnosed diabetes vs. not | 1.52 (0.82; 2.82) | 1.73 (1.19; 2.52) | 0.88 (0.43; 1.81) | 2.06 (1.30; 3.28) | 1.80 (1.32; 2.44) | 1.15 (0.66; 2.00) | 3.17 (2.51; 3.99) | 1.93 (1.73; 2.15) | 1.64 (1.27; 2.12) |
| Diabetes status | |||||||||
| No diabetes | 1.00 (0.77; 1.30) | 1.00 (0.82; 1.22) | 1.00 (0.72; 1.39) | 1.00 (0.79; 1.26) | 1.00 (0.84; 1.19) | 1.00 (0.75; 1.34) | 1.00 (0.87; 1.15) | 1.00 (0.94; 1.07) | 1.00 (0.86; 1.16) |
| Prediabetes | 0.93 (0.64; 1.35) | 0.94 (0.67; 1.31) | 0.99 (0.60; 1.63) | 1.15 (0.85; 1.57) | 1.11 (0.85; 1.45) | 1.04 (0.69; 1.57) | 1.55 (1.32; 1.82) | 1.26 (1.15; 1.37) | 1.23 (1.03; 1.48) |
| Undiagnosed diabetes | 1.27 (0.32; 5.08) | 3.51 (1.82; 6.78) | 0.36 (0.08; 1.68) | 0.73 (0.10; 5.15) | 1.71 (0.71; 4.12) | 0.42 (0.05; 3.64) | 1.68 (0.80; 3.53) | 2.17 (1.69; 2.80) | 0.77 (0.35; 1.70) |
| Previously diagnosed diabetes | 1.51 (0.85; 2.69) | 1.80 (1.29; 2.52) | 0.84 (0.43; 1.64) | 2.17 (1.42; 3.31) | 1.89 (1.44; 2.47) | 1.15 (0.69; 1.89) | 3.76 (3.07; 4.61) | 2.12 (1.93; 2.33) | 1.78 (1.42; 2.22) |
| HbA1c levels | |||||||||
| No previously diagnosed diabetes | 1.00 (0.45; 2.21) | 1.00 (0.62; 1.61) | 1.00 (0.39; 2.53) | 1.00 (0.49; 2.05) | 1.00 (0.66; 1.51) | 1.00 (0.44; 2.30) | 1.00 (0.75; 1.33) | 1.00 (0.87; 1.15) | 1.00 (0.73; 1.38) |
| ≤6.5% | 0.82 (0.28; 2.39) | 1.38 (0.85; 2.23) | 0.60 (0.18; 1.92) | 1.01 (0.52; 1.96) | 1.27 (0.86; 1.87) | 0.80 (0.37; 1.71) | 2.18 (1.62; 2.94) | 1.48 (1.29; 1.69) | 1.48 (1.06; 2.05) |
| >6.5% to ≤7.5% | 1.10 (0.35; 3.45) | 1.69 (0.93; 3.07) | 0.65 (0.18; 2.36) | 1.42 (0.77; 2.62) | 1.26 (0.78; 2.03) | 1.13 (0.52; 2.46) | 2.18 (1.53; 3.10) | 1.62 (1.38; 1.89) | 1.35 (0.92; 1.99) |
| >7.5% | 2.67 (0.98; 7.22) | 2.25 (1.20; 4.24) | 1.18 (0.36; 3.85) | 0.94 (0.43; 2.07) | 1.69 (1.04; 2.74) | 0.56 (0.22; 1.40) | 3.70 (2.65; 5.15) | 2.08 (1.77; 2.45) | 1.77 (1.22; 2.57) |
| Per 1% HbA1c change | 1.04 (0.76; 1.42) | 1.10 (0.98; 1.22) | 0.95 (0.68; 1.32) | 1.06 (0.83; 1.35) | 1.09 (1.00; 1.19) | 0.97 (0.75; 1.25) | 1.21 (1.14; 1.29) | 1.12 (1.09; 1.14) | 1.09 (1.02; 1.16) |
Analyses by diabetes and diabetes status were adjusted for age, BMI, socioeconomic status, smoking, systolic blood pressure, use of antihypertensive medication, total cholesterol, and use of lipid-lowering medication. Models for levels of HbA1c were additionally adjusted for the use of glucose-lowering medication. Similar levels of adjustments were used for the analyses of 1% HbA1c change, additionally adjusted for history of diabetes. For all analyses involving more than two groups, 95% CIs were estimated through floating absolute risks. RHR, women-to-men ratio of HRs. COVID-19 mortality was defined by ICD-10 code U072. Death from influenza/pneumonia was defined by ICD-10 codes J09, J13, J14, J100, J101, J108, J110, J111, J118, J121–J123, J128, J129, J150–J152, J154, J155, J159, J180, J181, and J189. Fatal CHD was defined by ICD-10 codes I200, I209, I213, I214, I219, I232, I248–I255, I258, and I259. HbA1c 6.5% = 48 mmol/mol; HbA1c 7.5% = 58 mmol/mol.