Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants included in this study
| Discovery cohort | External validation cohort 1 | External validation cohort 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|
| No. of participants | 1,832 | 203 | 7,009 |
| Type 2 diabetes case subjects, n (%) | 270 (14.7) | 48 (23.6) | 608 (8.7) |
| Age (years) | 64.8 (5.9) | 71.7 (6.9) | 52.7 (14.7) |
| Sex, n (%) | |||
| Women | 1,223 (66.9) | 152 (74.9) | 3,848 (54.9) |
| Men | 605 (33.1) | 51 (25.1) | 3,161 (45.1) |
| Marital status, n (%) | |||
| Married | 1,663 (91.0) | 148 (72.9) | 6,322 (90.3) |
| Others | 165 (9.0) | 55 (27.1) | 682 (9.7) |
| Education, n (%) | |||
| Middle school or less | 490 (26.8) | 28 (14.6) | 5,326 (76.0) |
| High school or professional college | 846 (46.3) | 34 (17.7) | 1,398 (19.9) |
| University | 492 (26.9) | 130 (67.7) | 280 (4.0) |
| Unknown | 5 (0.1) | ||
| Income (yuan/month/person), n (%) | |||
| ≤500 | 27 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) | 834 (11.9) |
| 501–1,500 | 388 (21.2) | 3 (1.5) | 2,067 (29.5) |
| 1,501–3,000 | 1,175 (64.3) | 30 (15.1) | 996 (14.2) |
| >3,000 | 238 (13.0) | 165 (82.9) | 481 (6.9) |
| Unknown | 2,631 (37.5) | ||
| Height, cm | 158.4 (10.4) | 154.7 (11.8) | 158.0 (8.5) |
| Weight, kg | 59.4 (10.2) | 58.3 (9.9) | 58.5 (10.9) |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6 (3.4) | 25.5 (15.5) | 23.4 (3.5) |
| Waist circumference, cm | 85.2 (9.3) | 83.5 (9.9) | 80.3 (9.9) |
| Hip circumference, cm | 91.7 (11.6) | 91.3 (6.6) | |
| Neck circumference, cm | 34.0 (3.2) | 33.2 (2.9) | |
| DBP, mmol/L | 74.0 (12.3) | 74.1 (9.5) | 77.7 (11.5) |
| SBP, mmol/L | 120.8 (17.0) | 125.6 (16.3) | 131.7 (21.7) |
| Fasting glucose, mmol/L | 5.5 (1.3) | 5.7 (1.3) | 5.6 (1.7) |
| HDL, mmol/L | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.5 (0.4) | 1.3 (0.5) |
| LDL, mmol/L | 3.6 (1.0) | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.3 (0.9) |
| TC, mmol/L | 5.5 (1.1) | 5.6 (1.3) | 5.3 (0.9) |
| TG, mmol/L | 1.6 (1.1) | 1.7 (1.9) | 1.4 (1.6) |
| Current smoking status, n (%) | 144 (7.9) | 27 (14.1) | 1,815 (26.1) |
| Current tea drinking, n (%) | 1,051 (57.7) | 108 (56.3) | |
| Current alcohol drinking, n (%) | 136 (7.4) | 19 (9.9) | 2,752 (39.3) |
| Physical activity, MET | 40.6 (14.1) | 91.6 (51.1) | |
| Total energy intake, kcal/day | 1,763.1 (568.3) | 1,631.0 (570.5) | |
| Vegetable intake, g/day | 369.4 (176.8) | 427.0 (201.3) | 336.3 (229.2) |
| Fish intake, g/day | 50.5 (51.9) | 43.0 (50.0) | |
| Red and processed meat intake, g/day | 83.6 (62.3) | 72.0 (47.0) | 131.2 (133.8) |
| Fruit intake, g/day | 150.9 (198.5) | 132.1 (84.5) | 79.4 (133.6) |
| Yogurt intake, g/day (dry weight) | 4.7 (15.6) | 3.8 (6.2) |
Data are means (SD) unless otherwise indicated. DBP, diastolic blood pressure, SBP, systolic blood pressure; TC, total cholesterol; TG, triglycerides.