Table 2.

Primary and other maternal outcomes by experimental group

	Intervention (n = 170)	Control (n = 170)	Effect estimate (95% CI)	P value
Primary outcome
EGWG by end of pregnancy*	35 (20.8)	24 (14.6)	6.29 (−1.88; 14.45)	0.152
Secondary outcomes
Absolute GWG (kg)*	9.03 ± 4.49	8.44 ± 3.88	0.58 (−0.32; 1.49)	0.207
Frequency of SMBG per week†	12 ± 5	12 ± 6	0 (−1; 1)	0.745
Blood glucose readings (mmol/L)†	5.40 ± 0.53	5.54 ± 0.53	−0.15 (−0.26; −0.03)	0.011
Proportion of glucose above target†‡
Premeal >5.5 mmol/L	30 (17.9)	39 (23.2)	0.68 (0.53; 0.87)	0.003
2-h postmeal >6.6 mmol/L	34 (19.9)	50 (29.4)	0.54 (0.42; 0.70)	<0.001
Insulin treatment*	17 (10.1)	27 (16.4)	−6.24 (−13.50; 1.01)	0.106
Hypertensive disorder of pregnancy*	8 (4.8)	4 (2.4)	2.34 (−1.64; 6.32)	0.489
EPDS§	5.1 ± 4.1	5.3 ± 4.3	−0.25 (−1.17; 0.67)	0.589
STAI state score§	33.50 ± 9.50	33.52 ± 9.57	−0.02 (−2.12; 2.09)	0.988
STAI trait score§	32.71 ± 8.14	33.42 ± 8.63	−0.71 (−2.56; 1.13)	0.448

Data are mean ± SD or n (%) unless otherwise indicated. Effect estimate for comparison of means and proportions refers to mean difference and difference in proportions, respectively, except for proportion of glucose above targets, which are in terms of ORs. EPDS, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.

^*Seven with missing observations (two intervention, five control).

^†One missing observation in the control group because of study withdrawal.

^‡Analyzed through mixed-effects logistic regression to take into account possible intracorrelation in measurements taken at the various time points and assuming random effects of individuals and weeks of gestation nested within individuals. An interaction between intervention and meal type (pre- or postmeal) was also included in this model.

^§Twenty-one missing observations (12 intervention, 9 control).