Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study subjects
| Control | NAFLD | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All (n = 15) | Glucose (n = 8) | Fructose (n = 7) | All (n = 16) | Glucose (n = 8) | Fructose (n = 8) | |
| Female sex | 13 (87) | 7 (88) | 6 (86) | 12 (75) | 5 (63) | 7 (88) |
| Age (years) | 43 ± 11 | 37 ± 7 | 49 ± 11 | 49 ± 11 | 50 ± 11A | 48 ± 10 |
| Height (cm) | 171 ± 9 | 173 ± 8 | 169 ± 10 | 172 ± 5 | 173 ± 6 | 171 ± 4 |
| Weight (kg) | 119 ± 18 | 120 ± 18 | 118 ± 18 | 124 ± 15 | 121 ± 13 | 126 ± 17 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 41 ± 5 | 40 ± 4 | 41 ± 6 | 42 ± 4 | 40 ± 2 | 43 ± 6 |
| Body fat (%) | 47 ± 5 | 46 ± 3 | 47 ± 3 | 48 ± 6 | 45 ± 7 | 51 ± 4 |
| Waist circumference (cm) | 127 ± 14 | 129 ± 15 | 125 ± 13 | 132 ± 10 | 130 ± 8 | 134 ± 13 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 130 ± 19 | 128 ± 19 | 132 ± 20 | 135 ± 15 | 142 ± 13 | 127 ± 15 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 83 ± 9 | 82 ± 10 | 85 ± 8 | 85 ± 9 | 88 ± 9 | 81 ± 9 |
| Preexisting type 2 diabetes | 1 (7) | 0 (0) | 1 (14) | 4 (25) | 2 (25) | 2 (25) |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 4.8 ± 0.4 | 4.8 ± 0.2 | 4.8 ± 0.6 | 5.6 ± 1.8 | 6.0 ± 2.4 | 5.1 ± 0.5 |
| Insulin (pmol/L) | 80 ± 26 | 88 ± 21 | 70 ± 29 | 158 ± 78B | 155 ± 59A | 161 ± 98A |
| HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 36 ± 4 | 34 ± 2 | 39 ± 4 | 43 ± 9A | 45 ± 13A | 40 ± 4 |
| Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) | 1.1 (0.9–1.1) | 1.4 (0.9–1.9)A | 1.8 (1.5–2.6)B | 1.1 (0.7–1.3)C |
| Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 4.9 ± 0.9 | 4.5 ± 0.8 | 5.4 ± 0.9 | 5.1 ± 1.0 | 5.4 ± 1.0 | 4.7 ± 0.9 |
| HDL (mmol/L) | 1.3 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 1.4 ± 0.3 | 1.2 ± 0.2 | 1.0 ± 0.2 | 1.2 ± 0.3 |
| LDL (mmol/L) | 3.1 (2.6–3.6) | 2.8 (2.5–3.4) | 3.3 (2.9–4.2) | 3.1 (2.7–3.7) | 3.4 (2.9–3.9) | 2.8 (2.6–3.2) |
| ALT (units/L) | 21 ± 7 | 20 ± 6 | 22 ± 8 | 31 ± 13A | 35 ± 15A | 26 ± 9 |
| AST (units/L) | 20 ± 7 | 20 ± 5 | 19 ± 10 | 40 ± 22B | 50 ± 25A | 29 ± 13 |
| GGT (units/L) | 20 (12–39) | 21 (14–43) | 15 (11–24) | 40 (26–61)B | 42 (26–61)A | 39 (24–63)A |
| C-reactive protein (mg/L) | 6.2 ± 5.4 | 4 ± 3 | 9 ± 6 | 6.1 ± 3.3 | 4 ± 1 | 8 ± 4 |
| Liver fat (%)D | 3.1 (2.4–3.9) | 3.1 (2.2–3.9) | 3.1 (2.4–3.3) | 10.3 (6.2–23.9)B | 16.1 (5.7–27.1)B | 10.3 (7.0–15.2)B |
| Steatosis grade | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 0 (0–1) | 1 (1–2)B | 1 (1–2)A | 2 (1–2)B |
| NAFLD activity score | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 2 (2–3)B | 2 (2–4)A | 2 (2–3) |
| Fibrosis stage 1 (%)E | 5 (33) | 2 (25) | 3 (43) | 6 (40) | 2 (29) | 4 (50) |
| Fibrosis stage 2 (%) | 10 (67) | 6 (75) | 4 (57) | 9 (60) | 5 (71) | 4 (50) |
Data are n (%), mean ± SD, or median (interquartile range). GGT, γ-glutamyl transferase.
A
P < 0.05, BP < 0.01 vs. respective control group on t test or Mann-Whitney U test.
C
P < 0.01 vs. NAFLD/glucose on Mann-Whitney U test.
D
Assessed by 1H-MRS.
E
There were no subjects with fibrosis stages 0, 3, or 4 in their subcapsular liver biopsy sample.