Table 4.
Baseline characteristics of study population by eGFR results (n = 1272)
| eGFR categories | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| < 60 | 60–90 | ≥90 | ||
| (n = 11) | (n = 165) | (n = 1096) | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 66.5 (13.8) | 62.4 (14.4) | 39.3 (12.9) | < 0.001 |
| Age categorized | ||||
| < 50 years | 1 (9.1) | 34 (20.6) | 861 (78.6) | < 0.001 |
| 50+ years | 10 (90.9) | 129 (79.4) | 235 (21.4) | |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 8 (72.7) | 107 (64.9) | 444 (40.5) | < 0.001 |
| Female | 3 (27.3) | 58 (35.1) | 652 (59.5) | |
| Site | ||||
| Urban | 7 (63.6) | 95 (57.6) | 523 (47.7) | 0.04 |
| Rural | 4 (36.7) | 70 (42.4) | 573 (52.3) | |
| Education (in years) | ||||
| 0–7 years | 8 (72.7) | 110 (66.7) | 291 (26.6) | < 0.001 |
| 7–11 years | 3 (27.3) | 38 (23.0) | 509 (46.4) | |
| > 12 years | 0 (0.0) | 17 (10.3) | 296 (27.0) | |
| Pesticide exposure (ever) | ||||
| Yes | 2 (18.1) | 35 (21.2) | 227 (20.7) | 0.97 |
| Sugarcane work | ||||
| Yes | 1 (9.1) | 3 (1.8) | 24 (2.2) | 0.28 |
| Agriculture work | ||||
| Yes | 4 (36.4) | 69 (41.8) | 355 (32.4) | 0.06 |
| Heat exposure at work | ||||
| Yes | 3 (27.3) | 52 (31.5) | 316 (28.8) | 0.77 |
| Monthly household income | ||||
| < 850 PEN (≈258 USD) | 3 (50.0) | 97 (69.3) | 594 (63.7) | 0.34 |
| Water source | ||||
| Piped water | 6 (60.0) | 90 (58.4) | 465 (46.2) | 0.007 |
| Well | 2 (20.0) | 39 (25.3) | 383 (38.1) | |
| River | 0 (0.0) | 19 (12.4) | 97 (9.6) | |
| Trunk | 2 (20.0) | 6 (3.9) | 61 (6.1) | |
| Health insurance | ||||
| Yes | 11 (100.0) | 150 (90.9) | 947 (86.4) | 0.12 |
| Current smoking | ||||
| Yes | 1 (9.1) | 20 (12.1) | 134 (12.2) | 0.95 |
| Heavy drinking | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 12 (7.3) | 118 (10.8) | 0.21 |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Low | 8 (72.7) | 137 (83.0) | 830 (75.7) | 0.11 |
| Medicine intake risk | ||||
| Yes | 4 (36.4) | 82 (49.7) | 559 (51.0) | 0.60 |
| Herbal medicine use | ||||
| Yes | 7 (63.6) | 98 (59.4) | 496 (45.3) | 0.002 |
| SBP, mean (SD) | 130.8 (26.1) | 125.4 (19.7) | 110.4 (14.0) | < 0.001 |
| DBP, mean (SD) | 83.5 (14.8) | 81.1 (11.5) | 75.8 (9.8) | < 0.001 |
| Hypertension | ||||
| Yes | 4 (36.4) | 44 (26.7) | 95 (8.7) | < 0.001 |
| High cholesterol | ||||
| Yes | 2 (18.2) | 36 (22.0) | 170 (15.8) | 0.14 |
| Tuberculosis | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.8) | 18 (1.7) | 0.90 |
| Hepatitis B | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.6) | 7 (0.6) | 0.97 |
| Leptospirosis | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.5) | 0.67 |
| Urolithiasis | ||||
| Yes | 2 (18.2) | 33 (20.0) | 157 (14.3) | 0.16 |
| Glucose, mean (SD) | 104.4 (54.6) | 91.7 (19.1) | 88.7 (18.4) | 0.005 |
| Type 2 diabetes | ||||
| Yes | 1 (9.1) | 4 (2.4) | 22 (2.0) | 0.26 |
| Body fat %, mean (SD) | 32.8 (10.2) | 33.6 (9.5) | 31.7 (9.5) | 0.05 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 25.9 (4.5) | 27.2 (4.3) | 27.4 (4.5) | 0.54 |
| BMI categorized | ||||
| Normal | 5 (45.5) | 52 (31.5) | 334 (30.5) | 0.64 |
| Overweight | 5 (45.5) | 74 (44.9) | 474 (43.3) | |
| Obese | 1 (9.0) | 39 (23.6) | 288 (26.2) | |
| Urine density | ||||
| ≥1020 | 4 (36.4) | 78 (47.3) | 733 (66.9) | < 0.001 |
| Urine protein | ||||
| Negative | 10 (90.9) | 165 (100.0) | 1093 (99.7) | < 0.001 |
| Trace | 1 (9.1) | 0 | 1 (0.1) | |
| Positive | 0 (0.0) | 0 | 2 (0.2) | |
| Urine glucose | ||||
| ≥ 250 mg/dl | 1 (9.1) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (1.6) | 0.03 |