Table 5.
Factors associated with impaired kidney function*: adjusted models (n = 1272)
| Adjusted model 1 | Adjusted model 2 | |
|---|---|---|
| OR (95%CI) | OR (95%CI) | |
| Pesticide exposure (yes) | 0.55 (0.33–0.92) | 0.70 (0.39–1.25) |
| Sugarcane work (yes) | 0.25 (0.07–0.82) | 0.28 (0.08–0.96) |
| Agriculture work (yes) | 0.55 (0.35–0.86) | 0.72 (0.40–1.29) |
| Heat exposure at work (yes) | 0.72 (0.45–1.14) | 0.84 (0.51–1.37) |
| Water source (access to piped water) | 1.66 (1.11–2.49) | 0.96 (0.42–2.20) |
| Current smoking (yes) | 0.66 (0.36–1.23) | 0.66 (0.36–1.23) |
| Heavy drinking (yes) | 0.91 (0.44–1.87) | 0.97 (0.47–2.01) |
| Physical activity (low levels) | 2.23 (1.24–3.71) | 1.99 (1.18–3.34) |
| Medicine intake risk (yes) | 1.03 (0.69–1.54) | 1.04 (0.69–1.56) |
| Herbal medicine use (yes) | 0.99 (0.66–1.48) | 1.05 (0.69–1.58) |
| Hypertension (yes) | 1.94 (1.19–3.17) | 2.07 (1.26–3.41) |
| Type 2 diabetes (yes) | 0.99 (0.31–3.13) | 1.11 (0.34–3.61) |
| Body mass index | ||
| Overweight | 1.22 (0.76–1.98) | 1.17 (0.72–1.91) |
| Obesity | 1.28 (0.74–2.22) | 1.11 (0.63–1.96) |
| Urolithiasis (yes) | 2.06 (1.24–3.40) | 1.97 (1.18–3.27) |
| Tuberculosis (yes) | 1.13 (0.28–4.58) | 1.20 (0.30–4.81) |
| Hepatitis B (yes) | 1.66 (0.16–16.9) | 1.74 (0.16–19.1) |
| Leptospirosis (yes) | – | – |
Bold estimates are statistically significant (p<0.05). Impaired kidney function was defined as eGFR < 90 mL/min/1.7m2
Adjusted model 1: controlled by age and sex
Adjusted mode 2: controlled by age, sex, population group, and education