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Risk of bias and applicability assessments for included studies using (A) the QUIPS tool (n=11 studies) and (B) PROBAST (n=33 clinical prediction model/outcome pairs from seven studies). All studies evaluating clinical prediction models were assessed using PROBAST, except for the study by Elshout et al, which was primarily a prognostic factor study and was therefore assessed using QUIPS. PROBAST, Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool; QUIPS, Quality In Prognosis Studies.
