Table 2.

Components of clinical prediction models evaluated in the included studies

Clinical prediction model	Variables used in the clinical prediction model in the included studies	Included study evaluating the model	Original study developing the model
AQUAMAT	Base deficit, impaired consciousness, convulsions, elevated blood urea, underlying chronic illness	George31	von Seidlein60
ELSHOUT model	Sore throat, palpable lymph nodes, duration of fever before consultation, C-reactive protein	Elshout29	Elshout29
FEAST-PET	Axillary temperature, heart rate, capillary refill time, conscious level, respiratory distress, lung crepitations, severe pallor, weak pulse	George31	George31
FEAST-PETaL	FEAST-PET with the addition of lactate, pH, blood urea nitrogen	George31	George31
KWIZERA model 1	Age, respiratory rate, heart rate, temperature, capillary refill time, altered mental state	Kwizera41	Kwizera41
KWIZERA model 2	Age, respiratory rate, heart rate, capillary refill time, altered mental state	Kwizera41	Kwizera41
KWIZERA model 3	Age, respiratory rate, temperature, capillary refill time, altered mental state	Kwizera41	Kwizera41
KWIZERA model 4	Age, respiratory rate, capillary refill time, altered mental state	Kwizera41	Kwizera41
KWIZERA model 5	Age, respiratory rate, altered mental state	Kwizera41	Kwizera41
LODS	Deep breathing, coma, and prostration	George31; Conroy27	Helbok50
LOWLAAVAR model 1	Conscious level, HIV, weight-for-age z-score	Lowlaavar42	Lowlaavar42
LOWLAAVAR model 2	Conscious level, HIV, mid-upper arm circumference	Lowlaavar42	Lowlaavar42
LOWLAAVAR model 3	Conscious level, mid-upper arm circumference	Lowlaavar42	Lowlaavar42
PEDIA-i	Anaemia, jaundice, indrawing, deep breathing, conscious level, prostration, convulsions/seizures, temperature	George31	Berkley51
PEDIA-e	Jaundice, indrawing, conscious level, prostration, convulsions/seizures, wasting, kwashiorkor*	George;31 Conroy27	Berkley51
PEDIA-l	History >7 days, conscious level, prostration, convulsions/seizures, temperature, wasting, kwashiorkor	George31	Berkley51
PEWS†	Heart rate, capillary refill time, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, systolic blood pressure	George31	Parshuram61
PRISM III‡	Heart rate, temperature, conscious level, systolic blood pressure, glucose, potassium, PCO2, pH, acidosis, pupillary reflexes	George31	Pollack62
qPELOD-2	Systolic or mean arterial pressure, heart rate, altered mentation	van Nassau38	Leclerc53
qSOFA	Respiratory rate, altered mentation, systolic blood pressure	van Nassau38	Seymour54
qSOFA-L	qSOFA with the addition of lactate	van Nassau38	van Nassau38
SCOTT model	Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, temperature, age, respiratory rate, heart rate, arrival via emergency medical services, oncological comorbidity, indwelling central line on arrival, hospitalised in the last year	Scott40	Scott40
SICK	Level of consciousness, temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, SpO2, capillary refill time, age	Conroy27	Kumar52
SIRS	Heart rate, respiratory rate, leucocyte count, temperature	van Nassau38	Goldstein63
YOS	Quality of cry, reaction to parent stimulation, state variation, colour, hydration, response to social overtures	Walia39	McCarthy64

*Kwashiorkor was not included in the PEDIA-e score in the Conroy et al study.

†Receipt of oxygen therapy and respiratory effort included in the original PEWS but not measured in the George et al study.

‡Pupillary reflexes, pH, total CO₂, arterial PaO₂, creatinine, urea, white blood cells, prothrombin time and platelets included in the original PRISM III score but not measured in the George et al study.

AQUAMAT, African Quinine Artesunate Malaria Trial; FEAST-PET, FEAST-Paediatric Emergency Triage; FEAST-PETaL, FEAST-Paediatric Emergency Triage and Laboratory; LODS, Lambaréné Organ Dysfunction Score; PEDIA-e, Paediatric Early Death Index for Africa (early death score); PEDIA-i, Paediatric Early Death Index for Africa (immediate death score); PEDIA-l, Paediatric Early Death Index for Africa (late death score); PEWS, Paediatric Early Warning Score; PRISM-III, Paediatric Risk of Mortality; qPELOD-2, quick Paediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction; qSOFA, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; qSOFA-L, quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment-Lacate; SICK, Signs of Inflammation in Children that Kill; SIRS, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome; YOS, Yale Observation Score.