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The role of exosomal PD-L1 in cancer progression. Tumor cells secrete exosomes containing PD-L1 leading to suppression of immunity by reducing T-cell activity and inhibition of interferon-gamma and interleukin 2 production as well as reducing total number of CD8+ T cells by inducing apoptosis through PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1.
