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Exosomal PD-L1 induces acquired resistance to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. Exosomes carrying PD-L1 limit effectiveness of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy through binding to antibodies and suppression of T-cell activity. However, elimination of PD-L1 exosomes can improve anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy. IFN-γ, interferon-gamma; PD-1, programmed cell death protein 1; PD-L1, programmed death-ligand 1.
