Fig. 2.

Protective effects of TPP-Niacin against H₂O₂-induced ROS generation in ARPE-19 cells. The cells were pretreated with TPP-Niacin at 25 and 50 μM or 0.1% DMSO (vehicle control) for 2 h and then incubated with or without 300 μM H₂O₂ for a further 24 h, and ROS generation was measured by the H₂DCF-DA (a) and DHE (b). Representative cell images were assessed by H₂DCF-DA staining (c). ### P < 0.001 versus control group and ***P < 0.001 versus the H₂O₂-treated group were considered statistically significant differences. The scale bar in (c) represents 100 μm. H₂DCF-DA: dichlorofluorescein diacetate, DHE: dihydroethidium