Table 1. Association between maternal E-DII and DASH scores (per 1-SD increase) and continuous offspring outcomes in the ALPHABET consortium.
| Primary outcomes | Secondary outcomes | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Birthweight, g | Gestational age, wk | Birth length, cm | Head circumference, cm | Abdominal circumference, cm | Sum of skinfold thickness, mm | |||||||
| β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | β (95% CI) | I2 (%) | |
| E-DII | ||||||||||||
| Pre | −18.7 (−34.8, −2.6) | 0 | −0.02 (−0.08, 0.04) | 0 | −0.07 (−0.14, −0.01) | 0 | −0.04 (−0.10, 0.03) | 43 | −0.01 (−0.09, 0.08) | - | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.03) | 0 |
| P value | 0.023 | 0.66 | 0.52 | 0.46 | 0.031 | 0.64 | 0.27 | 0.18 | 0.82 | - | 0.30 | 0.39 |
| Np/Nc | 4,119/2 | 4,137/2 | 3,964/2 | 3,993/2 | 2,406/1 | 3,923/2 | ||||||
| Preg | −14.3 (−29.3, 0.7) | 73 | −0.02 (−0.07, 0.03) | 72 | −0.06 (−0.10, −0.01) | 34 | −0.03 (−0.07, 0.01) | 54 | 0.05 (−0.10, 0.20) | 31 | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.06) | 25 |
| P value | 0.06 | 0.001 | 0.47 | 0.001 | 0.026 | 0.17 | 0.09 | 0.045 | 0.51 | 0.23 | 0.60 | 0.26 |
| Np/Nc | 23,993/7 | 24,101/7 | 18,953/7 | 18,333/7 | 2,031/2 | 3,531/3 | ||||||
| Early | −12.1 (−36.0, 11.9) | 77 | −0.03 (−0.10, 0.04) | 70 | −0.05 (−0.13, 0.03) | 46 | −0.03 (−0.09, 0.04) | 66 | 0.04 (−0.15, 0.24) | 48 | −0.12 (−0.34, 0.10) | 44 |
| P value | 0.32 | 0.002 | 0.43 | 0.010 | 0.19 | 0.12 | 0.41 | 0.019 | 0.66 | 0.16 | 0.30 | 0.18 |
| Np/Nc | 10,863/5 | 10,825/5 | 8,381/5 | 7,640/5 | 2,129/2 | 2,082/2 | ||||||
| Late | −15.2 (−30.7, 0.3) | 58 | 0.004 (−0.06, 0.07) | 75 | −0.05 (−0.09, −0.01) | 0 | −0.03 (−0.06, −0.01) | 0 | −0.02 (−0.10, 0.07) | - | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.07) | 0 |
| P value | 0.06 | 0.09 | 0.90 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.56 | 0.016 | 0.51 | 0.70 | - | 0.66 | 0.77 |
| Np/Nc | 15,621/3 | 15,784/3 | 12,955/3 | 13,104/3 | 2,309/1 | 3,842/2 | ||||||
| DASH | ||||||||||||
| Pre | 18.6 (−3.0, 40.3) | 41 | 0.001 (−0.06, 0.06) | 0 | 0.07 (0.004, 0.14) | 0 | 0.01 (−0.04, 0.06) | 0 | 0.10 (0.01, 0.18) | - | 0.06 (−0.004, 0.13) | 25 |
| P value | 0.09 | 0.19 | 0.97 | 0.36 | 0.039 | 0.62 | 0.70 | 0.60 | 0.033 | - | 0.06 | 0.25 |
| Np/Nc | 4,119/2 | 4,137/2 | 3,964/2 | 3,993/2 | 2,406/1 | 3,923/2 | ||||||
| Preg | 18.5 (5.7, 31.3) | 60 | 0.02 (-0.01, 0.05) | 33 | 0.05 (0.01, 0.10) | 15 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) | 0 | 0.01 (-0.22, 0.23) | 56 | 0.06 (-0.01, 0.13) | 11 |
| P value | 0.005 | 0.020 | 0.18 | 0.18 | 0.010 | 0.32 | 0.004 | 0.59 | 0.97 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.33 |
| Np/Nc | 23,991/7 | 24,100/7 | 18,952/7 | 18,333/7 | 2,030/2 | 3,530/3 | ||||||
| Early | 20.9 (3.3, 38.5) | 55 | 0.03 (−0.02, 0.07) | 40 | 0.09 (0.03, 0.14) | 0 | 0.04 (0.001, 0.07) | 0 | 0.002 (−0.21, 0.21) | 52 | 0.12 (0.03, 0.20) | 0 |
| P value | 0.020 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.001 | 0.68 | 0.047 | 0.46 | 0.99 | 0.15 | 0.007 | 0.92 |
| Np/Nc | 10,861/5 | 10,824/5 | 8,380/5 | 7,640/5 | 2,128/2 | 2,081/2 | ||||||
| Late | 16.9 (4.0, 29.9) | 40 | 0.02 (−0.01, 0.05) | 2 | 0.05 (−0.02, 0.12) | 55 | 0.03 (0.01, 0.06) | 0 | 0.11 (0.02, 0.20) | - | 0.04 (−0.02, 0.10) | 0 |
| P value | 0.010 | 0.19 | 0.16 | 0.36 | 0.13 | 0.11 | 0.012 | 0.47 | 0.019 | - | 0.19 | 0.44 |
| Np/Nc | 15,620/3 | 15,783/3 | 12,954/3 | 13,103/3 | 2,308/1 | 3,841/2 | ||||||
Values are adjusted pooled effect estimates [β (95% CI)] expressed for a 1-SD increment in dietary scores, heterogeneity measure (I2), and number of participants and studies included (Np/Nc) across different outcomes and conception periods, as labeled. Effect estimates were adjusted for maternal education, ethnicity, prepregnancy BMI, maternal height, parity, energy intake (for DASH), cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy, and child sex.
DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; Early, early pregnancy; E-DII, energy-adjusted Dietary Inflammatory Index; I2, I-squared; Late, late pregnancy;; Nc, number of cohorts included; Np, number of participants included; Pre, prepregnancy; Preg, pregnancy.