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The effect of pretreatment of rats with AFE (30, 100, and 300 mg/kg), 10 mg/kg omeprazole, or 10 mL/kg saline before the induction of the gastric ulcer with 5 mL/kg of 98% ethanol on serum (a) TNF-α and (b) INF-γ levels. Data has been presented as mean ± standard error of the mean. The symbols ∗∗ or ∗∗∗ denote statistical significance at p < 0.01 or p < 0.001, respectively (one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison test).
