Table 1.
Sample characterization
| Men | Women | t- or z-values, P values | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sample, No. | 15 | 11 | – |
| Age, years | 42.3 (9.7) | 49.7 (7.2) | t = 2.12, p = 0.043 |
| Race | |||
| Asian, No. | 7 | 2 | – |
| White, No. | 7 | 8 | – |
| More than one race, No. | 1 | 1 | – |
| Ethnicity | |||
| Hispanic or Latino, No. | 1 | 2 | – |
| Habitual mood and sleep | |||
| Depression, BDI-II total score | 0.4 (0.9) | 1.3 (2.7) | z = 0.39, p = 0.697 |
| Anxiety, STAI-Y2 total score | 25.9 (4.8) | 28.3 (6.0) | t = 1.13, p = 0.268 |
| Sleep quality, PSQI total score | 1.6 (1.6) | 1.9 (1.6) | z = 0.88, p = 0.378 |
| Resting BP* | |||
| SBP, mmHg | 116.4 (11.3) | 102.5 (8.7) | t = −3.40, p = 0.002 |
| DBP, mmHg | 74.1 (6.2) | 72.1 (5.6) | t = −0.87, p = 0.395 |
| Body composition | |||
| BMI, kg × m−2 | 24.8 (3.0) | 24.1 (4.3) | t = −0.47, p = 0.640 |
| Normal (BMI: 18.5 to < 25), No. | 11 | 7 | |
| Overweight (BMI: 25 to < 30), No. | 2 | 3 | |
| Obese (BMI: 30 or higher), No. | 2 | 1 | |
| Body fat, % | 19.1 (4.4) | 30.6 (7.0) | t = 5.13, p < 0.001 |
| Body water, % | 56.0 (3.0) | 48.1 (4.3) | t = −5.47, p < 0.001 |
| Waist circumference, inches | 35.7 (2.9) | 31.9 (4.1) | t = −2.70, p = 0.012 |
| Health-Related Quality of Life (RAND-36)† | |||
| Physical functioning, score | 98.7 (2.3) | 99.0 (2.0) | z = 0.34, p = 0.736 |
| Role limitations due to physical health, score | 100.0 (0.0) | 100.0 (0.0) | – |
| Role limitations due to emotional problems, score | 100.0 (0.0) | 97.0 (10.0) | z = −0.36, p = 0.716 |
| Energy/fatigue, score | 78.0 (12.9) | 77.3 (11.9) | z = −0.08, p = 0.938 |
| Emotional well-being, score | 88.3 (5.1) | 89.8 (5.5) | z = 0.83, p = 0.406 |
| Social functioning, score | 100.0 (0.0) | 97.7 (5.1) | z = −0.75, p = 0.452 |
| Pain, score | 98.0 (4.1) | 92.3 (11.0) | z = −1.22, p = 0.222 |
| General health, score | 87.7 (11.5) | 85.0 (9.2) | z = −0.60, p = 0.551 |
| Physical activity | |||
| IPAQ Low activity level, No. | 0 | 1 | – |
| IPAQ Moderate activity level, No. | 8 | 3 | – |
| IPAQ High activity level, No. | 7 | 7 | – |
| Habitual alcohol consumption, No. standard drinks/week over the past month | 5.0 (3.2) | 3.5 (2.4) | z = −1.06, p = 0.287 |
| Current smokers, No. | 2 | 0 | – |
Mean and standard deviation (SD), t- or z- (for not-normally distributed variables) values and associated probability, or frequency of observations are reported, comparing men and women. BDI, Beck Depression Inventory; BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight[kg]/height[m2]; BMI categories were defined according to the definition of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/defining.html); IPAQ, Physical Activity Questionnaires; PSQI, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; STAI, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory.
*Automatic upper arm sphygmomanometer BP (SBP, DBP) measurements were taken three consecutive times after a 5 min resting period, while participants were sitting in a chair. The first reading was discharged, and the final value was obtained by averaging the other two measurements.
†RAND-36 outcomes are expressed in scores ranging from 0 to 100 across the 8 health domains, with lower scores indicating more disability.