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. 2020 Nov 26;27(1):157–174. doi: 10.3350/cmh.2020.0176

Table 2.

Clinical characteristics of the subjects in the included studies

Study Viral hepatitis Use of alcohol (%) DM (%) Obesity group (N, definition) Control group (N, definition) HR for occurrence of PLC (95% CI) HR for cancerrelated mortality (95% CI) Adjustment variables
Calle et al. [24] (2003) N/A N/A N/A N/A; BMI ≥35 kg/m2 N/A; BMI <25 kg/m2 N/A 4.52 (2.94–6.94) Age, education, smoking status and number of cigarettes smoked, physical activity, alcohol use, marital status, race, aspirin use, fat consumption, and vegetable consumption
Calle et al. [24] (2003), women N/A N/A NA N/A; BMI ≥35 kg/m2 N/A; BMI <25 kg/m2 N/A 1.68 (0.93–3.05) Age, education, smoking status and number of cigarettes smoked, physical activity, alcohol use, marital status, race, aspirin use, fat consumption, and vegetable consumption
Batty et al. [25] (2005) N/A N/A 1.6 717; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 9,288; BMI <25 kg/m2 N/A 3.76 (1.36–10.40) Age, employment grade, physical activity, smoking habit, marital status, disease at entry, weight loss in the last year, blood pressure-lowering medication, height adjusted FEV1, triceps skinfold thickness, systolic blood pressure, plasma cholesterol, glucose intolerance and diabetes status
Kuriyama et al. [26] (2005) N/A 45.8 N/A 620; BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2 9,497; BMI <25 kg/m2 1.14 (0.46–2.87) N/A Age, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, consumption of meat, consumption of fish, consumption of fruits, consumption of green or yellow vegetables, consumption of bean-paste soup, type of health insurance, menopausal status, parity, age at menarche, and age at end of first pregnancy
Kuriyama et al. [26] (2005), women N/A 3.4 N/A 1,172; BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2 10,514; BMI <25 kg/m2 0.91 (0.30–2.80) N/A Age, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, consumption of meat, consumption of fish, consumption of fruits, consumption of green or yellow vegetables, consumption of bean-paste soup, type of health insurance, menopausal status, parity, age at menarche, and age at end of first pregnancy
Rapp et al. [27] (2005) N/A N/A N/A 5,551; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 34,041; BMI <25 kg/m2 1.67 (0.75–3.72) N/A Age, smoking status, and occupational group
N’Kontchou et al. [28] (2006) HCV: 71.0% 38.0 30.0 112; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 410; BMI <25 kg/m2 2.80 (2.00–4.00) N/A Age, sex, cause of cirrhosis, and diabetes
Jee et al. [29] (2008) N/A 76.8 N/A N/A; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 N/A; 23 kg/m2 ≤BMI <25 kg/m2 1.63 (1.27–2.10) N/A Age, and smoking status
Jee et al. [29] (2008), women N/A 16.6 N/A N/A; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 N/A; 23 kg/m2 ≤BMI <25 kg/m2 1.39 (1.00–1.94) N/A Age, and smoking status
Joshi et al. [30] (2008) HBV: 6.6% 36.4 4.1 8,508; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 360,879; BMI <18.5 kg/m2 N/A 1.08 (0.67–1.72) Fasting serum glucose, body mass index, alcohol intake and tobacco smoking, and HBsAg
Inoue et al. [31] (2009) N/A 30.1 N/A 5,410; BMI ≥25 kg/m2 12,180; BMI <25 kg/m2 2.22 (1.42–3.48) N/A Gender, age, area, smoking status, weekly ethanol intake, coffee intake, total cholesterol, HCV, HBV, metabolic syndrome, high blood pressure, high glucose, low HDL-cholesterol, and high triglycerides
Wang et al. [32] (2009) HBV: 11.7% 5.0 9.2 810; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 5,119; BMI <30 kg/m2 1.70 (1.02–2.80) N/A Gender, age, HBsAg, anti-HCV Ab, diabetes, smoking, and alcohol
HCV: 16.6%
Hart et al. [33] (2010) N/A N/A N/A 1,275; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 7,858; BMI <18.5 kg/m2 N/A 3.05 (1.33–7.00) Age, study, social class, smoking, systolic blood pressure, height, ischemia on ECG, bronchitis, FEV1, angina and diabetes
Hart et al. [33] (2010), women N/A N/A N/A 1,405; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 5,176; BMI <18.5 kg/m2 N/A 1.11 (0.24–5.27) Age, study, social class, smoking, systolic blood pressure, height, ischemia on ECG, bronchitis, FEV1, angina and diabetes
Chao et al. [34] (2011) HBV: 100.0% 8.3 N/A 351; BMI ≥25 kg/m2 791; BMI <25 kg/m2 1.58 (1.16–2.17) N/A Age, smoking, alcohol consumption, family history of HCC, HBV, and number of visits
Hung et al. [35] (2011) HCV: 100.0% N/A 17.2 585; BMI ≥25 kg/m2 727; BMI <25 kg/m2 1.31 (0.83–2.05) N/A Age, gender, diabetes, cirrhosis, HCV genotype, SVR, platelet count, and AFP
Borena et al. [36] (2012) N/A N/A N/A 66,283; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 kg/m2 301,702; BMI <30 kg/m2 2.07 (1.51–2.83) N/A Age at baseline, stratified by cohort, f birth year, sex, and smoking status
Chen et al. [37] (2013) HBV: 10.0% N/A 9.6 13,538; BMI ≥27 50,856; BMI <27 kg/m2 0.98 (0.74–1.30) N/A Age, sex, cause of liver disease, ALT, platelet count, albumin globulin ratio, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome
HCV: 9.2%
Li et al. [38] (2013) N/A N/A 7.1 5,758; BMI ≥25 kg/m2 8,892; 21 kg/m2 ≤BMI <23 kg/m2 N/A 1.15 (0.83–1.60) Age, smoking status, ethanol consumption, hours of walking, hours of exercise, frequencies of coffee and fish intake, education level, area of residence, histories of diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, blood transfusion, and history of liver disease
Li et al. [38] (2013), women N/A N/A 7.1 9,676; BMI ≥25 kg/m2 11,094; 21 kg/m2 ≤BMI <23 kg/m2 N/A 1.42 (0.95–2.13) Age, smoking status, ethanol consumption, hours of walking, hours of exercise, frequencies of coffee and fish intake, education level, area of residence, histories of diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, blood transfusion, and history of liver disease
Loomba et al. [39] (2013) HBV: 17.5% 10.6 2.5 1,147; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 22,565; BMI <30 kg/m2 1.47 (0.95–2.30) N/A Age, sex, alcohol consumption, smoking, HBsAg, ALT, HCV antibody, and diabetes
HCV: 5.5%
Song et al. [40] (2014), men N/A N/A N/A N/A; BMI ≥35 kg/m2 N/A; BMI <18.5 kg/m2 4.30 (1.30–12.65) N/A Age, living area, smoking status, leisure-time physical activity, and education
Song et al. [40] (2014), women N/A N/A N/A N/A; BMI ≥35 kg/m2 N/A; BMI <18.5 kg/m2 1.81 (0.40–8.21) N/A Age, living area, smoking status, leisure-time physical activity, and education
Meyer et al. [41] (2015) N/A N/A N/A 2,821; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 21,99; BMI <25 kg/m2 2.21 (1.18–4.15) N/A Age, sex, survey, alcohol consumption, frequency of PA, civil status, years of education, nationality, and healthy diet
Campbell et al. [42] (2016) N/A N/A 6.5 320,285; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 N/A; 18.5 kg/m2 ≤BMI <25 kg/m2 1.75 (1.56–1.98) N/A Age, sex, study, alcohol, cigarette smoking, race, and diabetes
Liu et al. [43] (2016) N/A N/A N/A 3,534; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 64,719; BMI <30 kg/m2 1.93 (1.14–3.27) N/A Education, total energy intake, total vegetable and fruit intake, total meat intake, leisure-time physical activity, and alcohol consumption, hormone replacement treatment, menopausal status, spouse smoking exposure, parity, and family history of cancer
Setiawan et al. [44] (2016), men N/A 19.0 12.3 13,627; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 27,964; BMI <25 kg/m2 1.82 (1.31–2.52) N/A Age, race/ethnicity, education, alcohol intake, smoking status, and diabetes
Setiawan et al. [44] (2016), women N/A 5.1 10.7 20,112; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 41,628; BMI <25 kg/m2 1.32 (0.83–2.11) N/A Age, race/ethnicity, education, alcohol intake, smoking status, and diabetes
McMahon et al. [45] (2017) HCV: 100.0% 29.0 10.0 N/A; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 N/A; BMI <30 kg/m2 1.06 (0.50–2.10) 0.79 (0.50–1.20) Age, sex, and HCV genotype
Nderitu et al. [46] (2017) N/A N/A N/A 4,973; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 40,066; BMI <25 kg/m2 2.05 (1.00–4.22) N/A Age, gender, social economic status, BMI, triglycerides, cholesterol, raised glucose, diabetic status, and history of liver disease
Yang et al. [47] (2017) N/A N/A 8.4 62,704; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 106,966; 18.5 kg/m2 ≤BMI <25 kg/m2 2.19 (1.62–2.95) N/A Age, sex, physical activity, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, history of diabetes, and red meat consumption
Brichler et al. [48] (2019) HBV: 100.0% 5.5 11.0 34; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 137; BMI <30 kg/m2 2.67 (1.04–6.84) N/A Age, varix, hypertension, GGT, bilirubin, platelet count, and AFP
Hagström et al. [49] (2018) N/A N/A N/A 19,658; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 744,131; 18.5 kg/m2 ≤BMI <22.5 kg/m2 3.59 (1.85–6.99) N/A Age, location of conscription, own and parental education, parental socioeconomic status, scores on intelligence test, cardiovascular capacity, muscular strength tests, systolic and diastolic blood pressures
Jeong et al. [50] (2018) N/A 11.3 N/A 14,621; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 65,329; 18.5 kg/m2 ≤BMI <25 kg/m2 N/A 1.27 (0.99–1.62) Age, sex, smoking, alcohol intake, household income, and physical activity
Yi et al. [51] (2018) HBV: 0.5% 22.4 10.3 14,527; BMI ≥30 kg/m2 315741; 18.5 kg/m2 ≤BMI <25 kg/m2 1.17 (0.93–1.46) N/A Age, sex, smoking status, alcohol use, physical activity, income status, BMI, diabetes status, cirrhosis, HBV, and HCV
HCV: 0.1%

DM, diabetes mellitus; N, number; HR, hazard ratio; PLC, primary liver cancer; CI, confidence interval; N/A, not available; BMI, body mass index; FEV1, forced expiratory volume-one second; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HBV, hepatitis B virus; HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen; HDL, high density lipoprotein; ECG, electrocardiogram; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; SVR, sustained virological response; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; ALT, alanine transaminase; PA, physical activity; GGT, gamma-glutamyl transferase.