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. 2021 Jan 21;11:1946. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81479-y

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Measurement of C-mannosyl tryptophan (CMW) in blood samples from type 2 diabetic patients with or without renal dysfunction. Serum samples were prepared by organic solvent extraction, followed by centrifugation, and analyzed by UPLC. CMW level was quantified by measuring (A) the fluorescence intensity (excitation at 285 nm/emission at 350 nm). The identity of CMW was confirmed by measuring (B) the mass abundance (m/z value of 367.15 [M + H]⁺). Sera a (thin line) and b (dotted line) are from the type 2 diabetic patients with and without renal dysfunction, respectively. Arrows indicate the peak corresponding to CMW.