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. 2021 Jan 21;11:2061. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-81548-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Field relevant concentrations of neonicotinoids or knockdown of Dα1 or Dβ2 in the mushroom bodies reduced 1 h memory. 1 h memory was reduced in flies exposed to field relevant concentrations of 1 or 10 μg/L (a) imidacloprid (IM) (χ²₂) = 7.3, p = 0.026), (b) clothianidin (CLO) (χ²₂ = 12.4, p = 0.002), (c) thiamethoxam (TMX) (χ²₂ = 9.6, p = 0.008) and not in (d) thiacloprid (TCL) (χ²₂ = 5.0, p = 0.084). (e) Likewise, 1 h memory was reduced in flies with RNAi mediated knockdown of Dα1 (OK107-Gal4 > uas-nAChR-Dα1) or Dβ2 (OK107-Gal4 > uas-nAChR-Dβ2) throughout the mushroom body (F_2,20 = 4.6, p = 0.023) and compared to genotype controls. Each data point represents ~ 100 flies, n ≥ 4 per treatment. Graphs show mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM) (post hoc pairwise comparisons: p ≤ 0.05*, p ≤ 0.01**, p ≤ 0.001***, p ≤ 0.0001****). The same tests, error bars and p values were used throughout.